5 who made contributions to the study of gravitation and orbits Galileo Galilei David Arnold Griffin Stofer Meryl Seah Period 2 Short Biography Born in Pisa Italy on February 15 1564 Family belonged to nobility but not rich ID: 590309
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Slide1
Historical Physicists/Astronomers
5 who made contributions to the study of gravitation and orbitsSlide2
Galileo Galilei
David Arnold, Griffin Stofer, Meryl Seah
Period 2Slide3
Short Biography
Born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564
Family belonged to nobility but not rich
Moved to Florence in 1570s
Inquisition found him guilty of heresy for
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsSent to home near Florence and put under house arrest for remainder of lifeDied at home outside Florence in 1642Slide4
Significant Contribution to Science and Gravity Orbits
Leaning Tower of Pisa Experiment:
Galileo dropped two balls of different mass from the tower
They both hit the ground at the same time
Supported the idea that gravitational acceleration on earth is constant regardless of mass
Four Galilean Moons of Jupiter:Viewed Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto through telescopesFirst objects found to orbit something other than Earth or the SunIo, Europa and Ganymede have a 4:2:1 orbital resonance
Relationship discovered with the help of Galileo’s extensive observationsSlide5
Fun Facts
He was a devout Catholic until his death but never married the mother of his three children
His daughters’ illegitimacy would make her dowry very large. He didn’t want to pay the dowry, so the girls stayed at a convent for the rest of their lives.
In 1992, the Vatican formally cleared Galileo of wrongdoing
Galileo went to a Jesuit monastery to study medicine but after four years he decided to become a monk. His father took him out of the monastery but he still managed to join the order, so he was a defrocked priest for life. Slide6
Galileo Galilei
Birth: February 15, 1564 Pisa, Italy
Death: January 8, 1642 Arcetri, Italy
Lived through the Scientific Revolution and
Renaissance.
Fun Facts: Einstein was Galileo’s biggest fan.
When he was moved for burial, a fan of Galileo cut off the tip of his middle finger and kept it as a momento.
Never successfully finished his pendulum.Slide7
Main Contributions
Proposed the universal law of acceleration, also known as Galileo’s “Law of Fall”. This law states that all free-falling bodies accelerate at the same rate due to gravity.
He actively supported the Copernican theory of the universe, which posited that the sun was the center of the solar system, with planets revolving around it.
To prove the law of acceleration, he dropped two balls of different masses from the tower of Pisa.
x = constant * time^2 (or d = (½)at^2)Slide8
Major Works
On Motion.
Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems.
Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea
The AssayerSlide9
Johannes Kepler
‘Shankie, Jeffrie, Joshie, and Charles Robert Blondinie IVSlide10
Kepler
He was alive from December 27, 1571 to
November
15, 1630
He proposed Three Laws:
ALL planets must move in elliptical orbits, with the sun in the center.
A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit.Slide11
Fun Facts
Kepler’s mother used to collect herbs and natural medicines. She was considered to be a witch. At one point Kepler had to hire lawyers to defend his mother from being sentenced to death
His grandmother was tried in the Salem Witch Trials and sentenced to death.
Kepler suffered smallpox as a child, leaving his hands crippled and vision limited, this limited his ability made it hard to observe planetary stuff
He discovered the eyeglass for near-sightedness and for far-sightedness
NASA named a mission in Kepler’s honor, and their planet-locating telescope was named after him.Slide12
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630
Manu Sharma, Arjun Kumar, Gordon LeeSlide13
Significant Contributions
German astronomer
Discovered three major laws of planetary motion
Planets revolve around the sun
Time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc.
There is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits. His discoveries expanded upon Copernicus’ ideas of a heliocentric solar system. Slide14
Fun Facts
As a child, Kepler suffered from small pox which left him with crippled hands and weak vision
This limited his abilities in the observational aspect of astronomy
Was the founder of modern optics
Discovered the eye glass for near and far sightedness
His mother collected herbs and natural medicines, thus she was considered to be a witchAt one point, Kepler had to hire lawyers to defend his mother from being sentenced to death. Slide15
COPERNICUS
Isaac U.
Hannah C.
Brad.Slide16
Fun Facts
-Got a doctorate in “Canon Law”
-Could speak 5 languages
-Parents died when he was 10
-Went to 4 universities
-1473-1543 born in Royal Prussia-Rode horses as a young man-Ideas not accepted by the ChurchSlide17
Contribution to the Science of Gravity
Copernicus wrote the seven axioms:
Planets don’t evolve around a fixed point
The moon orbits around the Earth
The sun is the center of the universe
The distance between the earth and the sun is only a tiny fraction of stars’ distance form the earth to the sun
Stars do not move, if they appear to, the Earth is what’s moving
Earth moves in a sphere around the sun, causing perceived yearly movement.
Earth’s orbit around the sun causes other planets to orbit in the opposite direction. Slide18
Copernicus
Lived 1473 - 1543
Renaissance Mathematician and Astronomer
Sun rather than the Earth was the center of the Universe (proposed the
heliocentric
model of the Universe)Condemned by the church Received support of Galileo Galilei and Johannas Kepler
He's judging you. Slide19
Copernicus's Theory
Earth is only the center of gravity and the center of the moon’s orbit
all spheres encircle the sun (which is close to the center of the universe)
The universe is much larger than previously assumed
The Earth’s distance from the sun is a small fraction of the size of the universe
The apparent motion of the Sun and other planets is created by the movement of EarthSlide20
Fun Facts
He didn’t actually believe that the center of the universe was the Sun. He believed that it was a central force very near the Sun.
He led Polish forces into war at one point.
He spelled his name 'Coppernic' for most of his life.
He also studied economics and medicine. Slide21
Tycho
Brahe 1546-1601
Observed SN 1572
asdf
Introduction to the New Astronomy
(1588)
Talked about his observations, discoveries, and ideas
Brahe’s observations of planetary motion allowed later scientists such as Kepler to make the current solar system model.
Concluded that the earth was either motionless and at the center of the universe, OR the stars were so far away that their relative positions were immeasurable.Slide22
Fun Facts: Brahe the Baller
Birth name:
Tyge
(similar to
Tyga
)Mustache far wider than faceNose was cut off in a swordfightReplaced with a brass piece
Wrote an ode in Latin to his dead twin
Wore chains in most of his portraits
Attended University of Copenhagen for law and philosophy at age 13
Owned roughly 1% of the total wealth of Denmark
Owned MANY elk
Used them to barter with royalty
Got them drunk
Died after attending a banquet in Prague
Went too
hard drinking and refused to urinateSlide23
Tycho
Brahe
By: Nathaniel
Burdekin
, Colin Tran, and Pierce
KlinkeSlide24
About
Born: December 14
th
, 1546
Significant Contributions
measured to one of arcthis was done before the invention of the telescopeestablished position of 1,000 stars with great accuracyproposed terra-heliocentric model of the solar systemSlide25
Interesting Facts
Reported to have owned an elk
Either died from a ruptured bladder or mercury poisoning
Had his nose cut off in a duel with his third cousin over a mathematical equation, which forced him a to wear a nose cone for the remainder of his lifeSlide26
Caleb Mok, Joe Zhang, Remington Yost
Sir Isaac NewtonSlide27
Born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England
Worked out proof that planets move elliptically
Wrote the Principia
Found the Universal Law of Gravitation
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Started CalculusKnighted by the Queen AnneISAAC Life