Systematic naming Alcohols PST Diol triol Alcohol properties Hbonds Oxidation oxidising agents routes Aldehydes Ketones isomers Carboxylic acids A Any acceptable structural formulae for propanal ID: 598583
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Slide1
Hydrocarbons
Systematic naming
Alcohols. P,S,T.
Diol
,
triol
Alcohol properties (H-bonds)
Oxidation – oxidising agents – routes
Aldehydes
/
Ketones
- isomers
Carboxylic acidsSlide2
ASlide3Slide4
Any acceptable structural formulae for propanalSlide5
Silver mirror
Water bath (flammable reactants)
Primary alcoholSlide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12
Proteins
Amino acids (essential)
Peptide link, polypeptide
enzymesDenaturing
Lock and key
Optimum settingsSlide13
CSlide14
BSlide15
One which the human body cannot synthesise itself. We need to get it through our diet.Slide16Slide17
Redraw the amino acids with alanine shown on the left hand side and phenylalanine on the right hand side. Now condense them together (losing water) to show your answerSlide18Slide19Slide20
Esters, Fats and oils
Esters – making (catalyst),naming, structures, uses, condensation, hydrolysisSlide21Slide22
Ethanoic acidSlide23
Concentrated sulphuric acidSlide24
Add a wet paper towel to act as a condenserSlide25
Esters, Fats and oils
Fats / oils - Animal, vegetable, marine
Fats/oils are esters (fats/oil also known as triglycerides)
Glycerol structure / Fatty acids (ratio)
Properties of fat (saturated)
vs
oil (unsaturated)
London dispersion forces to explain melt pointsSlide26
DSlide27
The process breaks some C=C double bonds decreasing the level of unsaturation. This “hardening” process results in an increase in melting and boiling point.Slide28Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32
Soaps, detergents,
Soaps (salt of fatty acid)
Structure
How they workHydrophobic, hydrophilic
Soap scum
Detergents
Emulsion – small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another
Emulsifiers
Allow oil and water to mixSlide33Slide34
Mechanism of stain/dirt removal
Roll-up mechanism
The hydrophobic tails ‘burrow’ into
the droplet of oil or grease.
The hydrophilic heads are left to
face the surrounding water.
This results in the formation of a
ball-like structure (a micelle).
The non-polar substances, such as
oil or grease, are held inside the ball
and suspended in water, to be
washed away.Slide35
The calcium salt of a sulphonate is
soluble in water
unlike the calcium salts of the carboxylate.
Hence no scum is formed
O
O
-
SOAP:
Carboxyl head
C
O
O
-
DETERGENT:
SULPHONATE (SO
3
-
) head
S
OSlide36Slide37
Antioxidant
Oxygen reacts with edible oils giving them a rancid flavour
Antioxidants prevent this – they get oxidised in place of the oil (or other food)
Ion electron equation (the antioxidant LOSES electrons)Slide38
Antioxidant molecules donate an electron to the
oxidising
agent
T
he
food is “protected” because the antioxidant is
oxidised
in place of the food.
I
on-electron equations can be used to show how antioxidant molecules are oxidised.
C
6
H
8
O
6
C
6
H
6
O
6
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
-
Vitamin C DHA
(ascorbic acid) (
dehydroascorbic
acid)Slide39
Fragrances
Isoprene unit
ID the number of units used to make
terpeneTerpenoid
(oxidised
terpenes
)Slide40
Absinthe – a
c
yclic terpenoid
This terpene has been
oxidised to a terpenoidSlide41
Essential Oils
Essential oils are the
concentrated extracts of
volatile
,
non-water-soluble
aroma compounds from
plants.
Terpenes are the key
components in most
essential oils.Slide42
Terpenes
Terpenes are
unsaturated
compounds formed by joining together
isoprene units
.
One
isoprene unit
contains
five carbon atomsSlide43
Steam Distillation
Steam passes over the plant and extracts the essential oil.
The mixture evaporates and passes into the condenser.
The essential oil
vapour
is chilled and collectedSlide44
Skin care
UV – high energy form of light
Provides energy to break bonds (forms free radicals - causes sunburn)
Sun block prevents UV reaching the skin
Free radicals
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Free radical scavengersSlide45
Initiation
Cl
2
(g) Cl
.
(g) +
.
Cl
(g)Slide46
Propagation
H
2
(
g
) +
.
Cl
(
g
) H
.
(g) +
HCl
(g)
H
.
(g) + Cl
2
(g)
HCl
(
g
) + Cl
.
(g)Slide47
Termination
H
.
(g) +
.
Cl
(g)
HCl
(g)
H
.
(g) +
.
H(g) H
2
(g)
Cl
.
(g) +
.
Cl
(g) Cl
2
(g)Slide48
Free Radical Scavengers
Many cosmetic products contain
free radical scavengers
.
These are molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions.Slide49Slide50
additionSlide51
Redraw the butanal to look as similar as possible to the propanone in the original example. Use this as a guide to work out the product
H
CH
3
-CH
2
H
CH
3
-CH
2Slide52