The Roman World The Roman World - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Roman World

The Roman World

CHAPTER 7

Augustus

Primaporta

,

Pax

Romana

(RomanSlide2
Slide3

3Slide4

4Slide5

Establishment of Rome

Legend of Romulus and RemusRome Founded 753 BCEIndo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE

Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

5Slide6

The Etruscans

Originally from AnatoliaColonized Roman regionsSociety declines late 6th

c. BCEGreek maritime attacksCeltic invasions from north

6Slide7

The Kingdom of Rome

Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCEStreets, temples, public buildings

Major center of trade routes7Slide8

Establishment of the Republic

509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan kingRoman forum builtRepublican constitutionExecutive: 2 consuls

senate8Slide9

Social Conflict

Patricians (aristocrats)Plebeians (commoners)Major class conflict 5

th c. BCEPlebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representationRights expanded through 3rd

c. BCEYet 6-month appointments of dictators9Slide10

SECTION 1

Founding the Roman Republic

controlled government

inherited power

landowners

nobles

farmers / workers

barred from office

majority

barred from office

Patricians

PlebeiansSlide11

Expansion of the Republic

Dominated EtruscansTook over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE

Expansion via military threat and incentivesTax exemptionsTrade privilegesCitizenship

11Slide12

The Punic Wars

Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCEThree major wars over Sicilian grain supplyLater conflict with declining Hellenistic EmpiresRome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2

nd C. BCE12Slide13

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems

Land distributionPerennial problemDevelopment of large latifundia

Unfair competition for smaller landholders13Slide14

The Roman Empire to 146 BCE

14Slide15

The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and GaiusAttempted to limit land holdings of aristocratsAssassinated

Development of private armies made up of landless peasantsGaius Marius (with reformers)Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

15Slide16

SECTION 3

The Birth of the Roman Empire

Gracchus brothers introduce reforms

angry senators kill both Gracchus brothers

violence = primary tool of Roman politics

leaders recruit personal armies

Sulla marches on Rome; civil war

Sulla establishes dictatorshipSlide17

Civil War

87 BCE Gaius Marius takes RomeLucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCEReign of terror follows

17Slide18

Civil War

The two most important generals were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius SullaMarius sided with social reformers who favored redistribution of land

Sulla sided with the conservative and aristocratic classes

Sulla

MariusSlide19

Julius Caesar

Nephew of MariusEscapes Sulla’s terrorRelatively young, well-timed trip abroadRises to popularity

Public spectacles, victories in GaulAttacks Rome 49 BCENames self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

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Caesar’s Policies

Centralized military, governance under personal controlRedistribution of land to war veterans, other alliesMajor building projects reduce urban unemploymnent

Extended citizenship to provincesAristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE

20Slide21

Augustus

Civil conflict follows death of CaesarNephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & CleopatraTakes title Augustus 27 BCE

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Augustus’ Administration

Monarchy disguised as a republicIncreasing centralization of political, military powerStablilized empireDeath in 14 CE

22Slide23

Rome Expands Its Borders

Punic Wars

First Punic War

Second Punic War

Carthage was afraid Rome would take Sicily; Rome was afraid Carthage would close the Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina.

Hannibal invaded Italy

.

Third Punic War

Some Romans passionately hated Carthage; Rome declared war.

Causes

Results

Carthage asked for peace; had to pay indemnity and give up control of Sicily.

Carthage asked for peace; paid an indemnity and lost the Spanish colonies.

Carthage was destroyed.Slide24

Expansion and Integration of Empire

Roman occupation of increasingly remote areasGaul, Germany, Britain, Spain

Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resourcesDeveloped infrastructure, cities emerge

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The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”

27-250 CEFacilitated trade, communicationRoadworkCurbs, drainage, milestones

Postal service26Slide27

Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCEAdapted to diverse populations under Roman RuleInnocent until proven guiltyRight to challenge accusers in court

27Slide28

Commercial Agriculture and Trade

Latifundia: production for exportRegional specialization increasesIntegration of Empire-wide economy

Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

28Slide29

The City of Rome

Cash flowTaxes, tribute, spoils, commerceMassive construction projectsStatuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts

Technology: concrete29Slide30

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Temple of Athena Nike

Classical Greek

Temple of Portunus

Rome, Italy - ca. 75 BCSlide31

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PARTHENON

Greek

PANTHEON

RomeSlide32

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Temple of “the Sibyl” or of “Vesta”

Tivoli, Italy - early first century BC

The Romans’ admiration for the Greek temples they encountered in their conquests also led to the importation of the round, or

tholos

, temple type.

The travertine columns are

Corinthian

In contrast with Greek practice, the cell wall was constructed not of masonry blocks but of a new invention:

concrete

.

Republic RomeSlide33

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The Roman Architectural RevolutionSlide34

Roman Attractions

Imported goodsUnderground sewageCircus Maximus250,000 spectatorsColosseum

Gladitorial Games34Slide35

Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family”Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slaveryWomen not allowed to inherit property

Rarely enforced35Slide36

Roman Society and Culture

Roman Army

Government and Law

Trade and Transportation

Strong Empire

stationed along frontiers

soldiers made citizens

kept peace

encouraged widespread trade

farm goods and luxury goods

roads and bridges

revised Twelve Tables

provincial official

strong emperor

enforced law

kept orderSlide37
Slide38

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Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater

Pompeii, Italy, ca. A.D. 60-79

This painting that is found on the wall of a Pompeian house depicts an incident that occurred in the amphitheater in A.D. 59. A brawl broke out between the Pompeians and their neighbors, the Nucerians, during a contest between the two towns.

The fight left many wounded and led to a 10 year prohibition against such events.

The painting shows the cloth awning (

velarium

) that could be rolled down from the top of the

cavea

to shield spectators from either sun or rain. It also has the distinctive external double staircases that enabled large numbers of people to enter and exit the

cavea

in an orderly fashion.

Pompeii & the

Cities of VesuviusSlide39

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Atrium of the House of the Vettii

Pompeii, Italy, second century B.C., rebuilt A.D. 62-79

One of the best preserved houses at Pompeii, partially rebuilt and an obligatory stop on every tourist’s itinerary today, is the House of the Vettii, an old Pompeian house remodeled and repainted after the earthquake of A.D. 62

The photograph was taken in the

fauces

. It shows the

impluvium

in the center of the

atrium

, the opening in the roof above, and in the background, the

peristyle

garden with its marble tables and mural

paintings.

The house was owned by two brothers, Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus Vettius Conviva, probably freedmen who had made their fortune as merchants. Their wealth enabled them to purchase and furnished houses that would have been owned only by patricians.

Pompeii & the

Cities of VesuviusSlide40

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Dionysiac mystery frieze

Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60-50 B.C.

Pompeii & the

Cities of VesuviusSlide41

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Dionysiac mystery frieze

Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60-50 B.C.

Especially striking is how some of the figures interact across the corners of the room. Nothing comparable to this existed in Hellenistic Greece. Despite the presence of Dionysos, satyrs, and other figures from Greek mythology, this is a Roman design.

Pompeii & the

Cities of VesuviusSlide42

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Early Empire

General view of wall paintings from Cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor

Boscoreale, Italy, decorated ca. 50-40 B.C.

In the early Second Style Dionysiac mystery frieze, the spatial illusionism is confined to the painted platform that projects into the room. This

cubiculum

is a prime example of

mature Second Style

designs in which painters created a 3-D setting that also extends beyond the wall.

All around the room the painter opened up the walls with vistas of Italian towns and sacred sanctuaries. Painted doors and gates invite the viewer to walk through the wall into the created world. Their attempt at perspective was

intuitive

and it not conform to the “rules” of linear perspective that would later be discovered by the Renaissance masters.

Although this painter was inconsistent in applying it, he demonstrated a interest in, but lacking knowledge of

linear [single vanishing-point] perspective

. It was most successfully employed in the far corners, where a low gate leads to a peristyle framing a

tholos

temple [see detail on next slide].

Intuitive perspective

was a favored tool of Second Style painters seeking to transform the usually windowless walls of Roman houses into “picture-window” vistas that expanded the apparent space of the rooms. Slide43

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Early Empire

Detail of tholos from Cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor

Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50-40 B.C.

Illusionism:

The

Second Style

is, in most respects, the antithesis of the First Style. Some scholars have argued that the Second Style also has precedents in Greece, but most believe it is a Roman invention.

The

Second Style

evolved in Italy around 80 B.C. and was popular until around 15 B.C., when the Third Style was introduced.

Second Style painters aimed not to create the illusion of an elegant marble wall, as First Style painters sought to do. Rather, they wanted to dissolve a room’s confining walls and replace them with the illusion of an imaginary three-dimensional world, which they did only pictorially.

The First Style’s modeled stucco panels gave way to the Second Style’s flat wall surfaces. Slide44

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Republican Era /Early Empire

Gardenscape

- Villa of Livia

Primaporta, Italy

ca. 30-20 B.C.

Second Style

picture-window wall

Second Style painters favored linear perspective seeking to transform usually windowless walls of Roman houses into “picture-windows” vistas that expanded the apparent space of the rooms.

Recession is suggested by

atmospheric perspective

, which creates the illusion of distance by the greater reduction of color intensity, the shift of color toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between eye and object increases.

- The flimsy fence is the only architectural element

- The wall seems to frame the landscape

- The fence, trees, and birds in the foreground are precisely painted, while the details of the dense foliage in the background are indistinct.Slide45

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4th style, Rome, Italy

4th style wall painting in room 78 of the Domus Aurea (“golden house”) of Nero 64-48 A.D.

In the

Fourth Style

the obsession with illusions returned once again.

This style became popular around the time of the Pompein earthquake

In the Golden House of Nero, where this mural is located, all the walls are a creamy white with landscapes and other motifs painted directly on the white walls.

The paintings that are on the walls are “irrational fantasies” They depict fragments of buildings, columns supporting half pediments, double story columns supporting nothing at all.

Architecture became just another motif in the artist’s design.Slide46

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Herculanium, Italy

Neptune and Amphitrite wall mosaic

62-79 A.D.

The house of Neptune and Amphitrite takes its name from this mosaic. Shown here are

Neptune

, sea god, and his wife

Amphitrite

set into an elaborate niche.

They preside over the running water of the fountain in the courtyard in front of them.

Mosaics were usually confined to floors in the ancient world. In the Roman times, however, mosaics were used to decorate walls and even ceilings. This foreshadowed the extensive use of mosics in the Middle Ages.

The subject chosen for Roman mosaics were diverse although mythological themes were immensily popular.Slide47

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Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius

Portrait of a husband and wife; Pompeii,Italy AD 70-79

Originally formed part of a Fourth Style wall of an

exedra

, recessed area on the opening of the atrium of a Pompeian house.

Standard attributes of Roman marriage portraits are displayed here with the man holding a scroll and the woman holding a stylus and a wax writing tablet. These portraits suggested high education even if it wasn’t true of the subjects.

The heads are individualized to the subject’s features, not simply standard types.

This is the equivalent of modern wedding photographs. Slide48

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Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius

Still life with peaches, detail from a wall painting; Heraculaneum, Italy; AD 62-79

Roman painters’ interest in the likeness of individual people was matched by their concern for recording the appearance of everyday objects.

This still life demonstrates that Roman painters sought to create illusionistic effects while depicting small objects. Here they used light and shade with attention to shadows and highlights.

The illusion created here is the furthest advance by ancient painters in representational technique. It appears that this artist understood that the look of things is a function of light. Also, the goal was to paint light as one would strive to paint the touchable object that reflects and absorbs it.

This illusion of light marks the furthest advance by ancient painters in representational technique; it would not be seen again until the Dutch in the 1700’s.

Still Life, Dutch

ca. 1700Slide49

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The Roman HouseSlide50

50Slide51

Wealth and Social Change

Newly rich challenge aristocracyYet poor class increasing in sizeDistraction: “Bread and Circuses”

51Slide52

Slavery

2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire populationCustomary manumission at age 30Agricultural work, quarries, mines

Chain laborRevolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

52Slide53

Roman Deities

PolytheisticMajor godsTutelary deitiesAbsorption of gods from other cultures

53Slide54

Cicero and Stoicism

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE)Major orator, writerInfluenced by Greek thoughtProponent of Stoicism

54Slide55

SECTION 5

The Rise of Christianity

Jesus

personally taught in Judaea

gained followers

crucified

believed risen from dead

Spread of Christianity

disciples deliver message

spreads slowly through empire

outlawed by Romans

Christians persecuted

Acceptance and Organization

accepted by Romans, Constantine

made official religion

priests, bishops, patriarchs, pope

church councils set down beliefsSlide56

Early Christian Communities

Local leaders: BishopsRegional variation in doctrine and ritualNature of resurrectionRole of women

Gradual acceptance of core texts56Slide57

Growth of Early Christianity

Roman persecutionYet dramatic expansion of ChristianityEspecially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes

Urban poorwomen

57Slide58

In old Greece as well as in ancient Rome, the most famous recipe was the “puls“ , a kind of spelt flat bread boiled and added with some milk or vegetables. The wheat was a cereal dating back to the Imperial epoch; common people would eat spelt, a kind of wheat richer in fibre and less useful to the bakery

Slide59

Besides the “puls”, quite popular were the “lagane“ , a sort of “lasagna“, made with flour and water. The dough was able to be added with eggs or cheese, in this way it held out better to the boiling.Slide60

The Roman people liked fish very much, above all the anchovies . The most famous Roman sauce, the “garum“, was made with anchovy meat. The Romans were very skilled at fish breeding. They built fish-tanks by the sea-shore and exploited the fish ability of going up again into the basin.Slide61

Lard was the dressing fat used by the hard workers, however, for all other uses they preferred olive oil.Slide62

Meat was less popular; they preferred the pig meat, either stewed or boiled; pigs grew wildly in the mountain oak woods. Sausages coming from South Italy are already mentioned in one of Orazio’s poems

.Slide63

The first Roman picture

of a wine’s barrel : found in SpainSlide64

SECTION 6

The Fall of the Western Empire

• too many poor

• loss of patriotism, interest in government, and political honesty

Decline of the Roman Empire

• inadequate government for size of empire

• competition for power

• army interference made government unstable

• expense of defending and maintaining empire

• heavy taxes

• loss of income

Political/Military

Economic

Social

• dependence on German troops

• decline of manufacturing and agricultureSlide65

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Etruscan Supremacy: 700-509 BCE

Provided link between Greek and Roman ArtKEYWORDS: TERRA-COTTA, COMPOSITE ORDER

Roman Republican Period: 509-27 BCE

Begins with overthrowing last Etruscan King and ends with Julius Caesar… Major buildings built more for POLITCAL use than for WORSHIP

KEYWORDS: TEMPLES, ARA PACIS, HOMAGE TO RULERS

Early Empire Period: 27 BCE-180 CE

KEYWORDS: WALL PAINTINGS, CONCRETE, ARCH, COLOSSEUM

The High Empire: 180-195 CE

Five Good Emperors (Trajan, Hadrian, etc.) kept things prosperous and peaceful.

KEYWORDS: COLUMN OF TRAJAN, HADRIAN’S WALL, PANTHEON

The Late Empire: 195-400 CE

Diocletian had Empire divided into four parts.

KEYWORDS: TETRARCHY, ARCH OF CONSTANTINE

Slide66

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Augustus

Rome's first emperor. He also added many territories to the empire.

Claudius

He conquered Britain.

Nero

He was insane. He murdered his mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions.

Titus

Before he was emperor he destroyed the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.

Trajan

He was a great conqueror. Under his rule the empire reached its greatest extent.

Hadrian

He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians.

Diocletian

He split the empire into two pieces - a western and an eastern empire.

Constantine

He was the first Christian emperor. He united the empire again chose his capital to be the small town Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.

Romulus Augustus

He was the last emperor of Rome, nicknamed Augustulus which means 'little Augustus'.

Justinian

He was the last 'great' emperor. He conquered many territories, created the 'Justinian Code' and built the fantastic church Santa Sophia.

Constantine XI

The last emperor of Constantinople. He died defending his great city against the Turks.