Adam Figiel Institute o f Agricultural Engineering Layout Definition of climate From basics of thermodynamics to climate changes Definition of greenhouse gases Greenhouse effect Factors influencing climate changes ID: 795389
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Slide1
CLIMATE CHANGES
– SYMPTOMS AND PREVENTION
Adam Figiel
Institute o
f
Agricultural
Engineering
Slide2Layout:
Definition of climate
From
basics of thermodynamics to climate changes
Definition of greenhouse gases
Greenhouse effectFactors influencing climate changesPrevention of climate changesWhat we can do to prevent climate changes?
CLIMATE CHANGES
– SYMPTOMS AND PREVENTION
Slide3DEFINITION OF CLIMATE
Climate
is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rains and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is different from weather
.
W
eather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.
Slide4FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
t=17
º
C
t= -10
º
C
Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Q
delivered
Q
realeased
Slide5t=22
º
C
t= -10
º
C
Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Thermal
insulation
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Q
delivered
Q
realeased
Slide6Q
delivered
Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperatureQ realeased
t
in
t
out
=
const
Q
released
= Q
delivered
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
– thermal
resistance
Slide7Q
delivered
Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperatureQ realeased
t
in
t
out
=
const
Q
realeased
= Q
delivered
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
– thermal
resistance
Slide8Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Q
delivered
t
in
t
out
=
const
Q
realeased
Q
realeased
= Q
delivered
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
– thermal
resistance
Slide9Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Q
delivered
t
in
t
out
=
const
Q
realeased
Q
realeased
= Q
delivered
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
– thermal
resistance
Slide10Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Thermal
insulation
Q
delivered
t
in
t
out
=
const
Q
realeased
Q
realeased
= Q
delivered
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
– thermal
resistance
Slide11E
xosphere
—
contains few particles that move into and from space.
T
hermosphere
— temperature increases with height.Mesosphere — the layer in which most meteors burn up after entering Earth’s atmosphere and before reaching Earth’s surface.Stratosphere — contains the ozone layer; the layer where volcanic gases can affect the climate.Troposphere — the layer closest to Earth’s surface in which all weather occurs. Lands
Oceans
t
out
t
in
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide12Lands
Oceans
t
out
t
in
E
xosphere
—
contains few particles that move into and from space.
T
hermosphere
—
temperature increases with height.
M
esosphere
—
the layer in which most meteors burn up after
entering Earth’s atmosphere and before reaching Earth’s surface.Stratosphere
— contains the ozone layer; the layer where volcanic gases can affect the climate.Troposphere — the layer closest to Earth’s surface in which all weather occurs. FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide13Lands
Oceans
t
out
t
in
E
xosphere
—
contains few particles that move into and from space.
T
hermosphere
—
temperature increases with height.
M
esosphere
—
the layer in which most meteors burn up after
entering Earth’s atmosphere and before reaching Earth’s surface.Stratosphere
— contains the ozone layer; the layer where volcanic gases can affect the climate.Troposphere — the layer closest to Earth’s surface in which all weather occurs.
Greenhouse
gases
(insulation
effect)
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide14t
in
t
out
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide15FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide16t
in
FROM BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide17DEFINITION OF GREENHOUSE GASES
Greenhouse gases – any of various gaseous compounds that absorb infrared radiation and trap heat in the atmosphere. The more of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is prevented from escaping into space and, consequently, the higher is energy accumulated in the environment. This increase in accumulation of energy associated with increased temperature is known as the greenhouse effect.
E
xamples
of greenhouse gases:
water vapor
carbon dioxide
m
ethane
nitrous oxide
o
zone
fluorocarbons
Slide18A greenhouse is made of glass. It traps the Sun's energy inside and keeps the plants warm, even in winter
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Visable
energy
from
the
sun
passes
through
the
glass
and
heats
the
ground
Infra-red
heat
energy from the ground
is
partly reflected
by the glass
and
some is
trapped inside
the greenhouse
Slide19A greenhouse is made of glass. It traps the Sun's energy inside and keeps the plants warm, even in winter
Transfer
of excess heat through the walls at a certain temperature difference
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Visable
energy
from
the
sun
passes
through
the
glass
and
heats
the
ground
Infra-red
heat
energy
from
the ground
is
partly reflected by the
glassand
some
is
trapped
inside
the
greenhouse
Slide20The
higher
the
greenhouse
effect
,
the
higher
the
temperature
in
the
system
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Visable
energy
from
the
sun
passes through
the glass
and heats the ground
Infra-red
heat
energy
from
the
ground
is
partly
reflected
by
the
glass
and
some
is
trapped
inside
the
greenhouse
Transfer
of excess heat through the walls at a certain temperature difference
Slide21Humanity needs the Greenhouse Effect. Without it the Earth would be too cold to live on.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Slide22But the more greenhouse gas released, the stronger the effect becomes, and the more the Earth warms up.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Slide23Currently, China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Slide24FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
A recent analysis on climate change has revealed that just 90 companies are responsible for 63% of all greenhouse gas emissions since 1854, the dawn of the Industrial Revolution
(
started
in
1760)
.
Slide25FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide26Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide27Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide28Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide29Melting
of
glaciers
A composite from NASA showing how the ice is receding in the Arctic from 1979 to 2003
Arctic sea ice volume in 1000s of cubic kilometers
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide30Rising
seas
By 2020, seven more cities, including Baltimore and Atlantic City, N.J., can suffer from flood.
And within the next 35 years, most cities along all coasts will be dealing with routine flooding.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide31Shrinkage
of
lakes
Lake Chad, in 1972, and 15 years later in 1987. Almost gone.
Desertification
in ChinaFACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide32The
higher
the
Eacum the more intensive convection
process
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide33Convective motions in the atmosphere are responsible for the redistribution of heat from the warm equatorial regions to higher latitudes and from the surface upward
The
higher
the Eacum the more intensive
convection
process
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide34Idealized winds generated by pressure gradient and
Coriolis
Force.
B) Actual wind patterns owing to land mass distribution
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide35Intensive convection process leads to high pressure disproportion
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide36The links between global warming and cyclones, such as 2012's Hurricane Sandy, shown here, are
considered
but
not yet well understood.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide37PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
How
to
protect
the
E
arth from global warming
Slide38Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
We can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in order to control the greenhouse effectPREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide39During photosynthesis radiant energy from the sun (sunlight) is absorbed by green plants. The energy is used to convert carbon dioxide, water and minerals into sugar and gaseous oxygen
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide40Alone in a sealed jar, a mouse would die from exhaled CO2. But as scientist Joseph Priestley observed in 1771, adding a mint
plant allows the mouse to
live
.
In this proof of photosynthesis, the mint absorbed CO2, retained carbon for growth, and released
oxygen
. Two centuries later humans tried—and failed—to survive in a sealed environment in Arizona's Biosphere 2.PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide41Reduction
of
deforestation
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide42Planting
trees
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
favours
photosynthesis
Slide43When using
biomass for energy
purposes, the carbon dioxide is ‘inhaled' by living plant matter
,
which
will be
used again for the same purposes. This results in oxygen being released into the atmosphere, reducing the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. Therefore burning of biomass makes more biological and environmental sense when thinking about sustainable and renewable energy.PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide44Biogas is a
biofuel
produced from the anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in plant material or
waste)
by bacteria
.
It is mainly composed of methane, with some carbon dioxide and other gases. PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide45During
the fermentation process, yeasts convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and CO
2
.
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide46Solar
energy
Photovoltaic
panels
Hot-water
collectorsPREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide47Geothermal energy uses the heat stored in the Earth to generate electricity and heat, producing one of the most reliable and constantly available sources of renewable power
Reducing
of
carbon
dioxide
emissionsPREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide48Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
The excess of
Eart’s
Total
Heat
Content
can
be
reduced
by
different
ways
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide49The wave–induced motion at each joint of the
Pelamis
pushes two pairs of hydraulic rams up and down, forcing a high-pressure fluid through hydraulic motors. These motors are linked to electricity generators, thus wave energy is converted into an electrical form.
The
Pelamis
is one of the world’s most advanced offshore wave energy converters
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide50PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide51System of Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery (MVHR) creates fresh air feeling with the benefit of a warm home
Heat
recovery
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide52Fresh
air
from
outside
Heating
effect
Cooling
effect
Ground
heat-exchanger
Ground
heat-exchanger
Ground
heat-exchanger
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide53Heat
recovery
Power-Pipe Waste Water Heat Recovery System
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide54Waste water as heat source of heat pump
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide55Lower
temperature
Higher
temperature
1
kW from
electricity
2
kW
from
ground
or
water
3
kW
for heating
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide56The inside of a refrigerator
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide57The inside of a refrigerator
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide58HEAT POMP
D
RYING
humid air
dehumidified air
(low relative humidity)
dehumidification
heating
Compressor
Throttle
velve
Condenser
Evaporator
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide59HEAT POMP
D
RYING
Heat pomp dryer (University of Nottingham
,
Malaysia Campus)
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide60PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Convective
dryer
before
modification
Slide61Convective
dryer
before
modification
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Uneven
drying
air
flow
A
lot of waste heat
High
energy
consumption
Slide62PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Convective
dryer
after
modification
Slide63PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Convective
dryer
after
modification
air
nozzles
solar
collector
recirculation
Slide64The transformation of heat into electricity is achieved
by
exchanger incorporated into the exhaust line and equipped with small terminals made of thermoelectric material.
REDUCING CONSUMPTION BY RECOVERING HEAT FROM EXHAUST GASES
PREVENTION OF CLIMATE CHANGES
Slide65WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
Men who commute via public or active modes have BMI
(
body mass
index
)
scores around 1 point lower than those who use private transport, according to researchersCommute using public transport or active modes (walking, riding bike)
Slide66WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
Turn
down
heaters
Use
energy
saving
bulbs
Unplag
devices
when
not
in
use
Turn
the
lights
when
you
leave room
Replace
your CRT monitor with LCD/LED
Slide67WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
Slide68t=22
º
C
t= -10
º
C
Q
Q –
heat
energy
t –
temperature
Thermal
insulation
WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
Slide69University cooperates with international educational
programmes
such as TEMPUS, CEEPUS, ERASMUS and LEONARDO DA VINCI.
WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
Invitation
to
Wroclaw
University
of
Environmental
and Life Sciences
Slide70WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
The
Institute
of
Agricultural
Engineering
Slide71WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
T
he
center of
renewable
energy
sources
Wind
tunnel
Heat
pomps
Windmill
Briquetting
press
Slide72WHAT WE CAN DO TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGES?
T
he
center of
renewable
energy
sources
Biofuel
reactor
Biogas
reactor
Biogastat
A
Q
uantity
and quality
of biogas
Slide73Thank
you
for your
attention