From Habitual to Subjunctive: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

From Habitual to Subjunctive: Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in Hebrew

Elior ElkayamTel Aviv UniversityThe 5th International Conference For Graduate Students On Diverse Approaches To Linguistics

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Slide2

Introductionwas + participle is a polysemous construction in Modern Hebrew1

In simple sentences

Counterfactual

Conditional

Past habitual

Subjunctive

In conditional sentences

Slide3

Past habitual in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: C412ND, 280-289)2

לגבי תרבות ערבית|ו-כאילו הוא אומר|הייתי הולך לסינמה מוטרו

|

והייתי רואה

את הסרטים האלה|

והאלה|

ו-

ו-

סרטים של אה|

פריד אל

אטרש

|

In regards to Arab culture

and

…

like he’s saying

I used to go

(

hayiti

holex

)

to Cinema

Motro

a

nd

I used to see

(

hayiti

roe)

these films

and those ones

and

…

and

…

films of eh

…

Farid

al-

Atrash

Slide4

Subjunctive in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: C514_1aND, 1-15)

3A: Good morningB: Good morningA: How’s it going?B: Good How are you? How come you’re red?

A: Come come I... I’ll tell you

What’s happening

n

ow?

Wait a second

B: You didn’t tell me

I

would have washed

(

hayiti xofefet

) my hair

first thing in the morning

A: Listen darling

You’re being recorded now

א

;

בוקר

טוב

&|

ב

;

בוקר

טוב

&|

א

;

מה עניינים\

ב

;

טוב|

מה נשמע\

מה

קרה את

אדומה|

את

היית

בטיול\

א; בואי בואי אני- אני (.) אספר לך|

מה

קורה

עכשיו|

חכי שנייה|

ב; לא

אמרת לי|

הייתי

חופפת

את השיער על הבוקר

|

א; (.)

תקשיבי

יקירתי|

את

מוקלטת עכשיו|

Slide5

Counterfactual conditional in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: P423aND, 1123-1125)4

חשוב לי|ששום דבר לא יטריד אותה|חוץ ממה שהיא צריכה לעשות||

(.)

אתה

מבין\

כי

אם הייתי מתחיל

לעשות את הבלגן הזה עם ההורים שלי

אז|

בתקופת

הלימודים

שלה|

היא

לא הייתה מתייחסת

באמון||

It’s important for me

that nothing disturb her

except for what she has to do

you see

because

if I would have started

(

im

hayiti

matxil

)

doing this mess with my parents then

during her school term

she

would not have treated

(lo

hayta

mityaxeset

)

[it]

trusfully

Slide6

In this presentation…Grammaticalization theoryHabitualityCounterfactual conditional

SubjunctiveSummary of grammaticalization paths5

Slide7

Grammaticalization6

Meillet (1912): grammaticalization is the process in which an autonomous word develops into a structural one.

Traugott

&

Trousdale

(2010):

grammaticalization is the development of grammatical functions.

Ariel et al. (2015)

differentiates between the former (=grammaticalization) and the latter (=

grammaticization

)

French:

pas

‘step’ >

pas

(negation)

English:

must

‘obligation’ >

must

‘epistemic certainty’

Slide8

Grammaticalization7

Grammaticalisation is a diachronic process of change that involves a series of discrete micro-changes, a concept referred to as gradualness (Hopper & Traugott 1993).

going

to

(literally)

> going to (literal movement + intention) > going to (future)

Slide9

Grammaticalization8

These micro-changes are carried out through reanalysis and analogyReanalysis

is the structural or functional change assigned to a constant surface

representation

of a syntactic string (Lehman

2004)

Analogy

involves the creation of new forms which

stand in paradigmatic

similarity to

others. It is responsible for the “host-class expansion”, i.e. the expansion of the class of elements with which the

grammaticizing

element can occur (

Himmelmann

2004).

This [sort

[of blue]] > This [sort

of]

blue

going to

school

> going to

work

> going to

visit

Slide10

Grammaticalization9

Layering is reflected in the presence of coexisting old and new forms at one synchronic stage of development. It is referred to as persistence (Hopper 1991) or retention

(

Bybee

and

Pagliuca

1987

).

Traugott

2010: the diachronic process by which a construction increasingly encodes the speaker’s attitudes and beliefs is called

subjectification.

non-/less subjective

>

subjective

>

intersubjective

French:

pas

‘step’

and

pas

(negation)

Slide11

Habituality introduction

An action which is conveyed as occurring usually, ordinarily, or customarily is expressed using the habitual aspect, and the expression thereof is called habituality (Comrie 1976, Langacker 1997, Dahl 1985, among others)הייתי שוחה באגם בילדותיhayiti soxe ba-agam be-yalduti

was.

1s.past

swim.

part

in-

def

-lake in-

childhood.gen’I used to swim in the lake in my childhood’

10

Definition

Modality

Aspect

Slide12

Habituality introductionAccording to Givón

(1994): although the habitual is referring to past events, it does not refer to any particular event that occurred at any specific time. These features make the habitual a swing modal category between realis and irrealis. 11

Definition

Modality

Aspect

realis

irrealis

Slide13

Habituality introductionAccording to Comrie (1976) and

Lenci, Bertinetto & Marco (2000) the habitual is a subtype of the imperfective viewpoint aspect12Definition

Modality

Aspect

Smith (1991):

Perfective

Imperfective

Describes

the situation

as a whole

Present part

of a situation

Has

beginning and end

Underdetermined

for end-points

Closed

informationaly

: cannot overlap with another event

Open

informationally

: can overlap with another event

Slide14

Habituality morphology in Biblical Hebrew

haya + participle13a copula ‘be’

links a subject to

nouns,

adjectives

and

participles

tense

is contextual

derives

from

verbs

but carries

the morphological inflection of a

noun

(gender

and

number)

In certain contexts may be ambiguous between an adjective, noun or verb

Slide15

Habituality in Biblical Hebrew14

גֵּר הָיִיתִי בְּאֶרֶץ נָכְרִיָּהger hayiti

bə

-‘

erec

noxriyya

sojourner

was.

1s

in-land foreign

‘

I

was a sojourner in a foreign land’

(Exod.

2.22)

וְהַנָּחָשׁ

הָיָה

עָרוּם

w-

ha-

nna

ħaʃ

haya

‘arum

and-

def

-serpent

was.

3s.m

wily

‘

And the serpent

was

wily’

(

Gen. 3.1)

ger

גֵּר

‘sojourner’

adjective

noun

‘arum

עָרוּם

‘wily’

participial adjective

Slide16

Habituality in Biblical Hebrew

15a. יוֹסֵף בֶּן שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה הָיָה רֹעֶה אֶת אֶחָיו בַּצֹּאן josef

ben

ʃəva

‘

esre

ʃana

haya

ro’e

et eħaw

bac-ccon

Joseph

son seven teen year was.3

s.m

shephard

(

part.m

)

with

brothers.

gen

in

def

-sheep

‘Josef

, being seventeen years old,

(was herding

/ a shepherd / used to

herd)

with

his

brothers

among the sheep’

(Gen. 37.2

)

b.

שִׁבְעִים

מְלָכִים [...]

הָיוּ

מְלַקְּטִים

תַּחַת שֻׁלְחָנִי

ʃibʕi:m

məla:ki:m

ha:yu

:

məlaqqti:m

taɦat

ʃulɦa:ni

:

seventy kings

were

gather.

part-pl

under table-

1s.gen

‘

Seventy kings

[...]

used to gather their food under my table.'

(

Judges 1:7)

Slide17

Habituality in Rabbinic Hebrew16

a. כשהיה המלך מגיע [...] אומר ke-ʃe

haya

ham-

melex

maggia

’

[…] ‘

omer

when

was.

3s def-king

arrive.part.m

[…]

say.

part.m

‘when

the king used to come […] he used to say […]’

(

Sifre

Deut.

26)

b.

בכל ערב תשעה באב

היה

משה

מוציא

כרוז [...] ובשער

היו

עומדים

be-

xol

‘

erev

tiʃa

be-‘

av

haya

moʃe

moci

keruz

[…]

in-every

evening.

gen

ninth in-Av was.

3s

Moses take-

out.

part

announcement

u-

baʃ

-

ʃaħar

hayu

omdim

and

in-

def

-morning was-

3p

stand.

part

‘every

evening of the Ninth of Av Moses used to announce […] and

in

the

morning they

would

wake

up’

(

Jerusalem Talmud

Taʿanit

67c

)

Slide18

Progressive in Rabbinic Hebrew17

פעם אחת היינו יושבים [...] ונשבה הרוח pa’am ‘

aħat

hayinu

yoʃvim

[…] we-

naSva

ha-

ruaħ

time one was.1p

sit.part

and-

blow.

ant

the-wind

‘

once, we were sitting […] and the wind blew

’ (

Sifra

Behuqqotay

2.5

)

Slide19

Counterfactual conditional introduction18

DefinitionModalityהייתי עייף

hayiti

ayef

was.

1s

tired

I

would (be/have been)

tired’

אם הייתי רץ הביתה

im

hayiti

rac

habayta

,

if

was.

1s

run.

part.m

home.

lat

,

‘

if I (ran/had run) home

,

if-clause

main clause

counterfactual (I didn’t run)

conditional (I am conditionally tired)

Slide20

Counterfactual conditional introductionGivón (1994): the

counterfactual conditional conveys a situation in the past (realis) that did not occur (not real), yet placed under the scope of hypothesis (irrealis). It conveys a stronger irrealis assertion – the speaker’s intention is to convey a hypothetical situation. The realis assertion is only secondary since it’s given or presupposed.19Definition

Modality

realis

irrealis

Slide21

Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew20

היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya raxuv ‘al ha-

ħamor

,

yered

was.

3s

ride.

part.pass

on

def

-ass,

dismount.3s.m.deo

‘if he was riding on an ass, he should dismount’

(

Mishna

Berakhot

4.5

)

היה עובר

בשוק ושמע קול שופרים מקרי

ן

[...], פסול לגרש בו

haya

over

baS

-Suk

we-

Sama

ʕ

kol

sofərim

makərin

[…],

was.

3s

pass.

part

in-

def

-street and hear-

ant

voice scribe

dictate-

par

pasul

le-

gareS

bo

invalid-

part.pass

to divorce

in.

3s.m

‘if

a man

was passing

on the street and hears the voice of a scribe dictating […],

it

is not valid for him to divorce with it’

(

Mishna

Gittin

3.1)

Slide22

Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew21

היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya raxuv ‘al ha-ħamor,

yered

was.

3s

ride.

part.pass

on

def

-ass, dismount.

3s.m.deo

Habitual

/Counterfactual

Deontic

obligation

T

his discursive pattern conventionalised as a

counterfactual conditional

haya

is now

ambiguous

between a copula and a counterfactual marker

When ambiguity arises,

reinforcement

often appears

Slide23

Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew22

אם היה משמרן, טהורים‘im haya meSamər-an,

tehor-im

if

was.

3p

guard.

part-acc.pl.f

pure.

pl

‘

if he was guarding them, they are pure’

(Mishna

Tahorot

8.3

)

אילו היינו

בסנהדרין, לא נהרג בה אדם מעולם

‘

ilu

hayinu

bas-

sanhedrin

, lo

neherag

ba

‘

adam

me-‘

olam

if

was.

1p

in-

def

-Sanhedrin, no

kill.

part.pass

in.

3s.f

person ever

‘

If we had been in the Sanhedrin, no one would ever have been put to death

’

(

Mishna

Makkot

1.10)

Slide24

Counterfactual conditional in Modern Hebrew23

אם הייתי מתחיל לעשות את הבלגן הזה עם ההורים שליim hayiti matxil la’asot

et ha-

balagan

ha-

ze

im

ha-

horim

Seli

if

was.1s

begin.part.m to do

acc

def

-mess

def

-this with

def

-parents my

אז

היא לא

היתה

מתייחסת

באמון

az

hi lo

hayta

mityaxeset

be-

emun

then

she no was.

3s.f

treat.

part.f

in-trust

‘

if I had started that whole mess with my parents, then she wouldn’t have treated [it] trustfully’

(

CoSIH

: P423aND_sp2

)

Slide25

Subjunctive introduction24

The subjunctive mood conveys the speaker’s preferences or certainty for what is asserted. The range of the subjunctives within the two sub-modes of irrealis (Givón 1994)

 

deontic (manipulative) side

a.

weak intended manipulation

(‘tell’, ‘ask’, ‘suggest’)

b.

preference

(‘want

’,

’wish

’, ‘prefer’, ‘expect’)

c.

epistemic anxiety

(‘hope’, ‘fear’)

d.

low epistemic certainty

(‘not-sure’, ‘doubt’, ‘suspect’, ‘ask if’, ‘not-know if’)

 

epistemic side

Slide26

Subjunctive introduction

25Subjunctive

Periphrastic-modal

Conditional-derived

היה רוצה/צריך/יכול/חייב/אמור/מוכרח

would/should/could/must/supposed to/obliged

epistemic

deontic

truth, belief,

probability

,

certainty

, evidence

desirability

,

preference

, intent, ability, obligation, manipulation

Slide27

Subjunctive introduction26

The subjunctive surfaced as a simple sentence from the embedded main clause of the conditional through syntactic liberation (Givón 1994).הייתי אומר לו את דעתיhayiti omer

lo et

daati

was.

1s

say.

part

.m

dat.

2s.m acc

opinion.

gen.1s

I would have told him my opinion’

אם הוא היה מתקשר

אליי

im

hu

haya

mitkaʃer

elay

,

if he was

call.

part.m

dat.

1s

’if he (had) called me

Slide28

Subjunctive introduction27

The subjunctive surfaced as a simple sentence from the embedded main clause of the conditional through syntactic liberation (Givón 1994).It functions as an indirect speech-act, leaving the conditions required for its fulfilment to inference.

הייתי אומר לו

את דעתי

hayiti

omer

lo et

daati

was.

1s

say.

part

.m

dat.

2s.m

acc

opinion.

gen.1s

I would have told him my opinion’

Slide29

Subjunctive examples from spoken Modern Hebrew

28לא אמרת ליlo amart lino

tell.

ant

dat

.

1s

‘you didn’t tell me’

הייתי חופפת

את השיער על הבוקר

hayiti

xofefet

et ha-

se’ar

al

ha-

boker

was.

1s

was.

part.f

acc

def

-hair

on the-morning

‘I

would have washed

my hair first thing in the morning’

(

CoSIH

:

C514_1aND_sp2, 11-12)

deontic preference

Slide30

Subjunctive examples from spoken Modern Hebrew

29אם לא הייתי מכיר אותךim lo hayiti

makir

otax

if no was.

1s

know.

part.m

acc.2s.f

‘

if I didn’t know

you’

הייתי חושב

שאת דוחפת אותי לידיים של תמי מסר

hayiti

xoʃev

ʃe

-at

doxefet

oti

la-

yadaim

ʃel

tami

meser

was.

1s

think.

part.m

that-

you.

f

push.

part.f

acc.1s

to

.

def

-hands of

tami

meser

‘I

would have thought

you’re pushing me to the hands of Tami

Meser

’

(

Betipul

‘in treatment’: S02E30)

הייתי חושבת

שזה מכוון קודם כל נגד החבר שלה

hayiti

xoʃevet

ʃe-ze

mexuvan

kodem

kol

neged

ha-

xaver

ʃela

was.

1s

think.

part.f

that-it

aim.

part.pass.m

first-of-all against

def

-boyfriend her

‘

I

would think

that it is aimed first of all against her boyfriend’

(

Betipul

‘in treatment’: S01E16

)

low

epistemic certainty

Slide31

Grammaticalization path irrealis broadeningFrom the habitual to the subjunctive there was a constant broadening of the irrealis while narrowing of the realis mood.

30

irrealis

realis

time

habitual

counterfactual

conditional

subjunctive

Slide32

Grammaticalization path analogy31

StageCategory

Function

Example

1

adjective/noun

feature or entity

ger

(

‘sojourner

’)

 

 

 

 

2

participial adjective

feature of an agent

‘arum

(‘wily’)

denominative noun

agent

ro’e

(‘shepherd’)

 

 

 

 

3

participle

state of action

ro’e

(‘shepherding

’)

conceptual graduality made by analogy

morphological graduality made by analogy

Slide33

Grammaticalization path reanalysisThe haya

+ participle in Rabbinic Hebrew was reanalysed from habitual to counterfactual32היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya

raxuv

‘al ha-

ħamor

,

yered

was.

3s

ride.

part.pass

on def-ass, dismount.

3s.m.deo

Habitual

/Counterfactual

Deontic

obligation

Slide34

Grammaticalization path retentionThe habitual

was retained from Biblical to Rabbinic and finally to Modern HebrewThe counterfactual conditional was retained in Modern HebrewThe past tense meaning was retained in the habitual, most uses of the counterfactual conditional, and some of the uses of the subjunctive.

33

past habitual

progressive

 

counterfactual conditional

 

 

Modern Hebrew

Rabbinic Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew

subjunctive

 

 

Slide35

Grammaticalization path subjectification34

היה הולךhaya holex‘used to go’

habitual

אם הייתי הולכת, הייתי כבר מגיעה

im

hayiti

holexet

,

hayiti

kvar

magia

‘if I had gone, I would have already arrived’

c

ounterfactual conditional

הייתי הולך

hayiti

holex

‘I would go’

subjunctive

ø

the intention of the counterfactual conditional utterance is often to provide support for speaker’s proposition or attitude

the subjunctive conveys the speaker’s attitudes or beliefs

Slide36

Grammaticalization path cross-linguisticallySimilar grammaticalization path is attested in

English (Bybee 1992)Swahili (Salone 1983)Spanish (Lunn 1992)Uto-Aztecan languages (Steele 1975)

Creole

languages (

Bickerton

1975, 1981

)

35

Slide37

Thank you!And special thanks to Prof. Mira Ariel, Prof. Hava

Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Danny Kalev, Daniel Hansen and Jonathan Avidan36

past habitual

progressive

 

counterfactual conditional

 

 

Modern Hebrew

Rabbinic Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew

subjunctive

 

 

Slide38

References37

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Papers from the 7th International Conference on

Historical Linguistics

, 

108-122.

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, B. (1976).

 

Aspect

. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Dahl,

Ö

. (1985). Tense and Aspect Systems

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Givón

, T. (1994).

Irrealis and the subjunctive.

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Grammaticalization

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"

L'évolution

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,

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Smith

, C. S. (1991). 

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, G. (2010).

 

Gradience

, gradualness and grammaticalization

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(2010). 

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