Grace Oakley What are Reading Comprehension Cognitive Strategies Visualising Making connections Fixup strategies Summarising Asking questions Making predictions Inferring Visualising Making connections ID: 190265
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Slide1
Assessment of Reading Comprehension (Cognitive Strategies)
Grace OakleySlide2
What are Reading Comprehension Cognitive Strategies?
Visualising
Making connectionsFix-up strategiesSummarisingAsking questionsMaking predictionsInferring
Visualising
Making connections
Summarising
Asking Questions
Fix up strategies
InferringSlide3
Framework for teaching CSI
Based on a review of the research, Duke and Pearson (2002, p. 208) suggested a framework for
comprehension strategy instruction
, based on Bruner’s (1990) notion of ‘scaffolding’ or ‘gradual release of responsibility’(GRR).
An explicit description of the strategy and how and when it should be used
Modelling of the strategy in action
Think alouds
Collaborative or guided use of the strategyE.g. Reciprocal Teaching, Read-Along GuidesIndependent use of the strategySlide4
Children need to know
What the strategy is (declarative knowledge)How
to use it (procedural knowledge)When and why to use it (conditional knowledge)How to evaluate
whether ‘it worked’
( ... so teachers need to assess children’s understanding of
what, how, when, why
...)See Almasi
(2004)4Slide5
Focus for today
Questioning
Questioning the author
Flip it (turning sentences into questions)
E.g. Making up inferential, evaluative questions
Visualising (creating mental imagery)
Picturing settings, characters
Picturing action, processesMind picturesStory WheelSketch to Stretch (see Read-Write-Think) http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/guided-comprehension-visualizing-using-229.html?tab=4
5Slide6
‘Understanding what readers are thinking during reading remains a complex task’ (Israel,
Bauserman
& Block, 2005, p. 21).What are they thinking before, during and after reading??Assessment of processes difficult. Can be inferred to some extent from products.
6
Assessment challengesSlide7
Assessing children’s use of the strategies
Collect assessment data throughArtefactsTalk
ObservationEvaluation – what does the data mean?Slide8
Think Alouds
Think Alouds
Children are taught to think aloud as they read – this can allow teacher to ‘see’ what they are thinking. Can also improve metacognition.‘Stop and Think Cards’ or stickers can be places in pre-selected places in text.
Technology can be used to facilitate this.
8Slide9
Using rubrics to guide assessment
Ellin Keane has developed some rubrics to assist teachers in assessing comprehension thinking strategies.
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http://www.shelleducation.com/newsEvents/lori_ira2009_handout.pdfSlide11
Assessing through the Arts
Drama DrawingIncluding drawing during read aloud
Video examples from: Into the Bookhttp://reading.ecb.org/teacher/visualizing/index.html Slide12
Interviews
Reflective Metacognitive Interviews – get children to describe how they did the work or read the text and why they did it that way. Bloom’s taxonomy can help teachers create probing questions.
Published interviews e.g. Metacognitive Strategy Interview (Schmidt, 1990). 25 multiple choice questions such as:
Before I begin reading , it’s a good idea to:
A) See how many pages are in the story
B) Look up all the big words in the dictionary
C) Make some guesses about what I think will happen in the story
D)Think about what has happened so far in the story12Slide13
References
Almasi, J. F. (2004).
Teaching strategic processes in reading. NY: The Guilford Press.Athans, S. K. & Devine, D. A. (2008). Quality comprehension: A strategic model of reading instruction using read-along guides, grades 3-6. Newark, DE: IRA
Israel, S. E.,
Bauserman
, K. I., & Block, C. C. (2005). Metacognitive assessment strategies.
Thinking Classroom, 6(2), 21-28.
Keene, E. (2006). Assessing comprehension thinking strategies. Huntington Beach, California: Shell.Mokhtari, K., & Reichard, C. A. (2002). Assessing students' metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(249-259).13Slide14
Oakley, G. (2011). The assessment of reading comprehension cognitive strategies: Practices and perceptions of Western Australian teachers
. Australian Journal of Language & Literacy, 34(3), 279-293.Oczkus
, L.(2009) Interactive think-aloud lessons: 25 surefire ways to engage students and improve comprehension. NY: Scholastic.Schmidt, M. C. (1990). A questionnaire to measure children's awareness of strategic reading processes.
The Reading Teacher, 43(454-461).
Some websites
http://www.decd.sa.gov.au/northernadelaide/pages/comp/37986/?reFlag=1
http://www.curriculumsupport.education.nsw.gov.au/literacy/assets/pdf/packages/combook.pdf