Four processes that supply the body with O 2 and Respiration breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs O 2 and CO 2 exchange between the lungs ID: 1043160
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1. RespirationInvolves both the respiratory _Four processes that supply the body with O2 and _
2. Respiration_________________________________(breathing):movement of air into and outof the lungs O2 and CO2exchange between the lungsand the bloodTransport: O2 and CO2 in the blood O2 and CO2exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues
3. Respiratory System: Functional AnatomyMajor organsNose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Larynx Bronchi and their branches
4. Functional AnatomyRespiratory zone: site of _Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli conduits to gas exchange sitesIncludes all other respiratory structuresRespiratory muscles: ________________________________________ and other muscles that promote ventilation
5. The NoseFunctionsProvides an __________________________________________ and warms the entering air_____________________________________ and cleans inspired air Serves as a resonating chamber for speechHouses _
6. The NoseTwo regions: external nose and nasal cavityExternal nose: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex ___________________________________________________: a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apexNostrils (___________________________________): bounded laterally by the alae
7. The NoseNasal cavity: in and __________________________________ to the external noseDivided by a midline _Posterior _________________________________________ (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx ____________________________________________: ethmoid and sphenoid bones ____________________________________________: hard and soft palates
8. Nasal CavityVestibule: nasal cavity _Vibrissae ___________________________________________ coarse particles from inspired airOlfactory mucosaLines the _Contains _____________________________ receptors
9. Nasal CavityRespiratory mucosa Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins _______________________________________ move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throatInspired air is warmed by _Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing
10. Nasal CavitySuperior, middle, and inferior nasal conchaeProtrude from _Increase mucosal areaEnhance _
11. Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and ConchaeDuring inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa During exhalation these structures________________________________________ heat and moisture
12. Paranasal SinusesIn frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones_____________________________________ the skull and help to warm and moisten the air
13. PharynxMuscular tube that connects to the_____________________________________________ superiorlyLarynx and esophagus inferiorlyFrom the ____________________________________ to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
14. NasopharynxAir passageway posterior to the nasal cavityLiningpseudostratified columnar epithelium close nasopharynx during swallowing
15. NasopharynxPharyngeal tonsil also called _Located on _Pharyngotympanic tubes Also called _open into the _
16. OropharynxPassageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottisLining is ______________________________________________ epithelium _________ _______________________________ tonsils in the lateral walls _________________________________________ tonsil on the posterior surface of the tongue
17. LaryngopharynxPassageway for food and airPosterior to the _Extends to the larynx, where it is also continuous with the _
18. Larynx Attaches to the ___________________________ and opens into the laryngopharynx Continuous with the _FunctionsProvides an _Routes air and food into proper channels
19. LarynxCartilages of the larynx____________________________________ cartilage except for the epiglottis___________________________________________ with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)Ring-shaped _Paired arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages : ________________________________________ cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
20. LarynxVocal ligamentsContain _Form the core of ________________________________ (true vocal cords)Opening between them is the _Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
21. LarynxVestibular _Superior to the vocal folds Help to close the glottis during swallowing
22. Voice Production intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords depends upon the force of airChambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities ___________________________________________ sound quality Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
23. LarynxVocal folds may act as a __________________________________ to prevent air passageExample: _________________________________________ closes to prevent exhalation_________________________________________ muscles contractIntra-abdominal pressure rises Helps to _________________________________________ or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
24. TracheaWindpipe: from the larynx into the mediastinum Wall composed of three layers ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with _ : connective tissue with seromucous glandsAdventitia: outermost layer made of ______________________________________________ that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
25. TracheaTrachealis muscleConnects posterior parts of cartilage rings CarinaLast _Point where trachea branches into _
26. Bronchi and SubdivisionsAir passages undergo 23 orders of branching Branching pattern called the _
27. Conducting Zone StructuresTrachea right and left _Each main bronchus enters the _________________________ of one lung______________________________ main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the leftEach main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three right, two left)Each lobar bronchus supplies _
28. Conducting Zone StructuresEach lobar bronchus branches into __________________________________ (tertiary) bronchiSegmental bronchi divide repeatedlyBronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameterTerminal bronchioles are the ________________________________ , less than 0.5 mm diameter
29. Conducting Zone StructuresFrom bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occurCartilage rings give way to _cartilage is _Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to _________________________________________________________ become infrequentRelative amount of smooth muscle _
30. Respiratory ZoneRespiratory bronchioles, _________________________________ , alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)~300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the _
31. Respiratory MembraneAlveolar and capillary walls and _Alveolar wallsSingle layer of ___________________________________________ (type I cells)Scattered type II _____________________________ secrete _____________________________________ and antimicrobial proteins
32. AlveoliSurrounded by _Contain open _________________________ thatConnect adjacent alveoliAllow ______________________________________ throughout the lung to be equalizedHouse alveolar _____________________________ that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
33. Lungs Occupy ______________________________________ except the mediastinum site of vascular and bronchial attachments anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
34. LungsApex: Base: inferior surface that rests on _ on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves Cardiac notch of left lung: concavity that _
35. LungsLeft lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an _Right lung has ___________________________ separated by _Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9 left)Lobules are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches
36. Blood Supply Pulmonary circulationPulmonary _______________________________ deliver systemic _Branch profusely, along with bronchiFeed into the _Pulmonary ______________________ carry ______________________________________________ from respiratory zones to the heart
37. Blood Supply Systemic circulationBronchial arteries _Arise from _____________________________ and enter the lungs at the hilumSupply all lung tissue except the alveoliBronchial veins anastomose with pulmonary veinsPulmonary _
38. PleuraeThin, double-layered serosa __________________________________________ on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm__________________________________________ on external lung surfacePleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavityProvides _
39. Mechanics of BreathingPulmonary ventilation consists of two phasesInspiration: ___________________________________________: gases exit the lungs
40. Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic CavityAtmospheric pressure (Patm)Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body 760 mm Hg at sea levelRespiratory pressures are described ________________________________________ respiratory pressure is less than Patm _______________________________________ respiratory pressure is greater than PatmZero respiratory pressure = Patm