Classification of Cyclophyllidea - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Classification of Cyclophyllidea

1

Slide2

Reference: Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Elseify

Lecture no.5

2) Order :

Dilepididea(3) Order : Davaineidea(4) Order : Hymenolepididea

Slide3

(2) Order : DilepidideaFamily : Dilepididae

i) Genus : Choanotaenia

Spp. : Ch. infundibulum

ii) Genus: DipylidiumSpp. : D. caninuniiii)Genus : Amoebotaenia

Spp. : A. sphenoides (cuneata) (3) Order : DavaineideaA) Family : Davaineidaei) Genus : Davainia Spp. : D. proglottinaii) Genus : RaillietinaSpp. : R. tetragona R. echinobothridaR. cesticillus

iii) Genus : Cotugnia

Spp. : C. digonopora

iv) Genus : Houttuynia

Spp. : H. struthionis

(4) Order : Hymenolepididea

A) Family : Hyminolepididae

i)

Genus : Hyminolepis

Spp. : H. nana

H. diminuta

H. carioca

H. lanceolata

B) Family : Fimbriaridae

i) Genus : Fimberiaria

Spp. : F. fasciolaris

Slide4

1- Order: Dilepididea

* General characters:These cestodes are provided with retractable rostelum.

The rostelum is usually

armed with one or more crowns of rose-thorn like hooks.The suckers may be also armed.Mature segment contain single or double sets of genital organs.The uterus may be sac-like or eggs are passed into egg capsule.

Intermediate hosts are invertebrates.The infective stage (metacestode) is cysticercoid.This order conain two families:A) Family Dipylididae B) Family : Dilepididae

Slide5

I- Genus : Dipylidium

Dipylidium caninum

(Cucumber tapeworm or The double-pore tapeworm)

*General characters:This species various from 15-70 cm. in length and the maximum width is 3.2 mm. with light red-yellow colour when fresh.

The scolex is small in size 0.4mm. rhomboidal in shape. has 4 suckers and a retractile, conical rostellum armed with 30-150 rose thon-shaped hooklets arranged in 3-7 rows.The mature, and even more the gravid segments have a characteristic elongate, oval shape resembling cucumber seed shape.Each segment contains two sets of genital organs.The Testes are numerous 200 in number and are scattered through out the medullary parenchyma.The ovaries are bilobed and vitellaria are situated posterior to them, resembling a bunch of grapes in shape.In the gravid segments the eggs tie in egg-capsules (Egg clusters” or “egg balls), each containing 8-20 eggs.The ova are spherical, slightly riddish in colour, measure about 34 μ in diametr and contains an embryo bearing 3 pairs of hooklets.

Slide6

Dipylidium caninum adult

Dipylidium caninum egg capsule

Dipylidium caninum scolex

Dipylidium caninum mature segment

Dipylidium

caninum

  

(b) Scolex rhomboidal in shape with 4 sucker and retractable conical

rostellum

armed with 3-7 rows of rose thorn shaped

hooklets

. (c) Mature

proglottid

with two sets of reproductive organs. (d) Gravid

proglottid

filled with uterine balls.

(a)

Cluster of eggs in a uterine ball (

spherical,reddish

in colour and contain embryo bearing 3 pair of

hooklets

.

Slide7

D.Caninum in Dogs Intestine

7

Slide8

* HabitatIt occurs in the small intestine of dog, cat and allied species and occasionally man.* Life cycle:

The ova are passed out in faeces (in the gravid segment or occasionally in the egg-capsules).Further development does not occur until the egg is ingested by the flea larva (Ctenocephalus canis, C. felis and Pulex irritans) or by dog biting lice (

Trichodectes. canis

).The Onchosphere is liberated after the ingestion of the in the gut of the I.M.H. and migrates into the haemocoel where it becomes a cysticercoid.As the cysticercoid develops, a tail-like appendage is formed containing the hooklets of the larva.It is separated from the cysticercoid before maturity and this type of cysticercoid is called

Crypto-cystic cysticercoid.Mature cysticercoid is formed after 18 days in the adult fleaInfestation of the final host occurs through the ingestion of the infected flea or louse and develops more rapidly in the dog than in the catChildren's are infested accidentally by swallowing the infected fleas during playing with dog or catsThe cestode reach maturity in the definitive host within 2-3 weeks after infestation.

Slide9

D.caninum Habitat:

Small intestineHost:

Definitive host :Dog , Cat and occasionaly human

Intermediate host: Dog flea (Ctenocephalides

. Canis), Cat flea(Ctenocephalides.felis), Dog bitting lice( Trichodectes .canis)Larval stage: cryptocystic cycticercoid

9

Slide10

Infective stage : cryptocystic Cysticercoid (18 day)(loose tail)

Adult develop within 2-3 weeks after infestation

Slide11

*PathogenicityIn dog:

There is chronic enteritis.Sever haemorrhagic enteritis may be present in heavy infestation.The animal become weak, emaciated and show

nervous

and digestive troubles.Loss of appetite, rubbing the abdomen against objects, unthriftinessLarger parasites are more harmful than the smaller ones.When gravid segment leave the intestines they cause severe irritation will drag and rubbing its anus over the ground. This condition is known as around the perianal area and due to constant irritation the dog “

anal pruritus or scooting.In man:Rarely harbor more than a single parasite.It is seldom to show symptoms, although children may show slight intestinal discomfort, epigastric pain, purities, diarrhea and restlessness.

Diagnosis:

Macroscopic examination of

feaces

for gravid segment.

Demonstration of egg packets in

faeces

.

Slide12

ii)Genus

Amoebotaenia

SPP.A.cuneata

(sphenoides)Morphology :A small tapeworm, up to 4 mm long, with up to 20 proglottidswhitish in colour It is roughly triangular in shape with pointed scolex

12

Sac like uterus and slightly lobed

Armed rostellum with hooks

Each mature segment has a single set of genitalia bilobed ovary with many testes located transversely in single row at posterior end of each segment

regularly alternate genital pore open at anterior end of proglottid margin

Slide13

A.cuneata (sphenoides)

Habitat

:

small intestine Host Definitive host : domestic fowl & other gallinaceous birdsIntermediate host : Earthworms

Larval stage: CysticercoidThe cysticercoid develops within 14 days.Fowls get the infestation frequantly after rain?? when the earth worms come to the surface.The adult worms were developed in the fowls within 27-30 days (prepatent period). 13

Slide14

iii) Genus :

Choantaenia

spp:Ch.infundibilum

Morphology :large robust worm 23cm long ,white in colourBell shaped, narrow anteriorly and broader posteriorly.Segement : longer than broad (bell shaped)

14

Scolex

:triangular shape and pointed armed retractable rostellum with small row of hooks and 2oval unarmed suckers

Mature segment

:Single set of genitalia.

Testes :spherical , numerous occupying the posterior portion behind the female genitalia.

Ovary bilobed,

Gravid segment

: uterus sac like filling most of segment with eggs.

Genital pores irregularly alternate with the anterior third of lateral margin

Slide15

Ch.infundibilum

Habitat:small intestine

Host

:Definitive host : fowl ,turkey (poultry)Intermediate host: house flies (Musca.domestica),beetles and grass hopper

Larval stage: Cysticercoid15

Slide16

Tape worm of poultryOrder

:Davaineidea

(A) F

amily: Davaineidae

1. Genus: Davainiaspp: D.proglottina (dwarf tapeworm of poultry)16

Slide17

D.Proglottina (dwarf tapeworm of poultry)

Morphology:

The worms are microscopic in nature, about

4mm in length. They have only 4 to 9 segments.

Rostellum is retractable and armed with hammer shaped hooks.Suckers also armed with hooks.Each segment has single set of genital organ.Genital pore opens at the anterior end of segment and regularly alternate.ovary bilobed in the middle of segment and testes numerous and scattered in posterior part of the segment The compact vitelline glands are situated between the ovarian lobe In the gravid segment, the uterus is replaced by egg capsule.Each egg capsule contains single egg.17

Slide18

18

Slide19

19

Slide20

D.proglottina

Host : Definitive host: Chicken and pigeon and other gallinaceous bird

Intermediate host: Slug (snail without shell)

Habitat :

small intestine20

Slide21

2.Genus Raillietina

spp

1.R.tetragona

2.R.echinobothrida

3.R.cesticillusDefinitive hostChicken, pigeon and guinea fowlChicken, pigeon , guinea fowl and turkeyChicken, pigeon and guinea fowlIntermediate hostAnts. (Pheidole 

spp. And

 

Tetramorium

 

spp.) house flies

Ants. (

Pheidole

 

spp. and 

Tetramorium

 

spp.) house flies

Ants,house flies and Dung beetlesHabitatsmall intestine 

Small intestineSmall intestine

SizeOne of the Largest poultry tapeworm .Adults are up to 25 cm in length

Resemble

to

R.tetragona

 

Usually 4 cm in length. Rarely it attains 15 cm.

Scolex

Scolex is smaller than the 

R.echinobothridia

 

Long thin neck

Scolex is large in size when compared to R.

tetragona

. heavily armed

very wide.

Rostellum

Rostellum is armed with 100 hooks in

one

row

Rostellum heavily armed with200 hooks in

two

rows

Large

rostellum

retractable

piston

in the middle of scolex armed with 400 to 500

double

crown

small hummer shape hooks.

Sucker

4 Suckers are

oval

in shape and armed with 8-10rows of small hooks.

4 Suckers are

circular

in shape

armed with 8-10rows of large hooks

.twice as large as those of

R.tetragona

4 sucker

rounded

indistinct and are

not

armed

weak

21

Slide22

2.Genus Raillietina

spp

1.R.tetragona

2.R.echinobothrida

3.R.cesticillusMature segmentEach segment has single set of reproductive organs genital pore opens unilaterally. rarly alternateOvary found in the center Testes scattered around the ovary   

Each segment has single set of genital organ. Genital pore opens

unilatterally

 

Each segment contains single set of genital organs. Genital pore unilateral. irregularly alternate

Gravid segment

Uterus break up in to egg capsule .Each egg capsule contains

6 to 12

eggs.

Squarish

Each egg capsule contains

6 to 12 eggs

Each egg capsule has single

eggInfective stage

Cysticercoid

Cysticercoid

Cysticercoid

Prepatent period

21 days

20 days

13 days

22

Slide23

23

Slide24

Raillietina spp scolex. Mature ,gravid segment24

1.R.tetragona

2.R.echinobothrida

3.R.cesticillus

Slide25

25

Raillietina.spp

in intestine

Slide26

3.Genus Cotugnia

(double pored poultry tapeworm)

Morphology:

It's up to 11cm

Host: Definitive host : fowls ,duck and pigeonIntermediate host: Ants. Habitat: Small intestine26

C.digonopora

Scolex:

Rostellum

is armed with two rows of hooks.

It has 4cup like muscular suckers and un armed.

Mature segment :Each segment contains two sets of genital organs

Bilobed ovary and

vitelline

gland posterior to it

Testes distributed behind the ovary

Gravid segment :Eggs capsule contain

single

egg.

Slide27

4.Genus Houttuynia

spp: H.

struthionis

Morphology

:It's up to 60cmHost: OstrichHabitat: Small intestine27The scolex wide and bear double row of hooksMature segment :genital pore unilateral open at the posterior third of segment

Gravid segment :Eggs capsule contain(12-25 eggs per each)

Slide28

Life cycle of poultry cestode

The gravid segments are passed in the droppings of birds and are crawling on the surface of droppings, during this process, eggs are released..

The eggs are ingested by intermediate hosts where they hatch and develops into

cysticercoid

in about 3 weeks time. Infection of poultry by ingestion of infected IMH.28

Slide29

Poultry cestode

Pathogenesis:D. proglottina

is one of

the more harmful species . The worms are penetrate deeply between the villi causes necrosis and haemorrhagic enteritis.

Sometimes death may occur due to intestinal obstruction.R. echinobothridia is most pathogenic species causes nodules formation in the intestine is called as “Nodular taeniasis” in poultry. Hyperplastic enteritis may also occur.(parasitic granuloma)All other tapeworms are less pathogenic but in heavy infection results in reduced egg production , general weakness and a hemorrhagic enteritis. Chronic infections cause wasting and reduced growth rate.29

Slide30

Poultry cestode

Diagnosis:

Macroscopic or gross examination of dropping for the presence of gravid segment and that must be done on fresh feces, because the gravid segments migrate quickly outside the droppings.

Eggs are usually not found in the feces because they remain inside the migrating gravid segments. PM examination of representative bird from affected flock and the adult worms can be seen as whitish projection of the intestinal villi.

Control:Treatment of infected birdElimination of I/H is very important by:Hygienic maintenance of poultry shed.Applying chemical compoundsPeriodical deworming of birds.30

Slide31

Cestode of rodent

Order

H

ymenolepididea1.Family

:HymenolepididaeGenus:Hymenolepis (Rodentolepis,Vampirolepis)31

Slide32

Cestode of Rodent

spp 

1

.H.nana

2.H.diminutaDefinitive hostRodent ,Man and DogsRodent ,occasionally Man and DogsIntermediate hostRat Fleas ,flour beetles, Rat Fleas , beetles,cockroaches ,myripoda

Habitat

Small intestine

Small intestine

Size

4-10cm adult worm about 200 segment

(Dwarf- tapeworm)

8-12cm

Scolex

Small

rhomboidal 

with 4 sucker

Small with 4 sucker

Rostellumshort rectractile,

Single row of minute hooks (20-30)

unarmed

Suckers

4 unarmed sucker

unarmed

Mature segment

All segements are broader than long

Testes is globular in shape and 3 in number close to each other in middle part of segment

Ovary single, globular in middle of segment

All segements are broader than long

Testes is globular in shape and 3 in number situated in

horozonital

line and arranged 2 a

poral

and one poral

Ovary appear as a fourth subglobular body among them

32

Slide33

Cestode of rodent

spp1.H.nana

2.H.diminuta

Gravid segment

Transverse sac filling the segment and contain ova Resemble H.nana but broaderEggs oval ,transparent and smaller than those of H. diminuta (very small)On the inner membrane are two poles, from which 4-8 polar filaments spread out between the two membranes. The oncosphere

has six hooks.

round or slightly oval with a striated outer membrane and a thin inner membrane. The space between the membranes is smooth or faintly granular The

oncosphere

has six hooks. There are no polar filaments extending into the space between the

oncosphere

and the outer shell. larger than of

H.nana

Description

is the

smallest of all tapeworms found in humans

and is appropriately described as the

dwarf rodent tapewormmore common in childrenIn man :life cycle is direct no need to I.M.H) and indirect autoinfectionIn rodent the life cycle is indirectInfection to man is difficult because of eggs is not infective to man directly so must be found I.M.H so accidentally swollen infected insect

Rat tape wormLife cycle is Indirect (always need insect host)

33

Slide34

Hymenolepis.nana Hymenolepis.diminuta 34

Transverse sac filling the segment and contain ova

-No

g.p

Slide35

35

Flour

beetles

Rat flea

Slide36

Life cycle of H.nana

Infection through ingestion of flea containing cercocystic

- cysticercoid of

Hymenolepis nana indirect or eggs directly 36

Infection can occur through 3 way:Indirect 2-host cycle: Rodents are the primary definitive hosts, and grain beetles, fleas, or other insects feed on contaminated rodent droppings as intermediate hosts; humans can become infected by ingesting parasitized insects.Human-to-human oral-anal cycle: Eggs are passed from one human to another or recycle externally in a single host. (external autoinfection)Internal autoinfection: Eggs hatch within the gut and initiate a 2nd generation.

Slide37

Life cycle of H.diminuta

37

Slide38

Geographic Distribution:Hymenolepis. nana is the most common cause of all

cestode infections, and is encountered worldwide. In temperate areas its incidence is higher in children.

Hymenolepis

. diminuta, while less frequent, has been reported from various areas of the world.Clinical Presentation:

Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta infections are most often asymptomatic. Heavy infections with H. nana can cause weakness, headaches, anorexia, abdominal pain, anal itching and bloody diarrheaHymenolepiasis is usually asymptomatic in adults. But prolonged infection or multiple tapeworms especially in children can cause more severe symptoms. inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. The inflamed tissue will have a reduced ability to absorb nutrients. Diagnostic Findings:The diagnosis depends on the demonstration of eggs in stool specimens. Concentration techniques and repeated examinations will increase the likelihood of detecting light infections.38Hymenolepiasis

Slide39

Cestode of poultry belong to family Hymenolepidae

 spp

H.carioca

H.lanceolata

Definitive hostChicken and turkeyDucks and geeseIntermediate hostDung ,ground bettles, flour beetles, termites,house flies ,and Stomoxys

calcitrans

Aquatic

crustaeceans

(cyclops)

Habitat

Small intestine

Small intestine

Size

8cm

130mm

Scolex

Slender thread like

 

Rostellum

armed with spanner shaped hooks.

 

Suckers

unarmed

 

.Mature segment

Segments are very small. Each contains single set of reproductive organ. Genital pore is unilateral anterior to middle of segment .

Each segments contains three testes

in a straight row

 

 

Gravid segment

Eggs are covered with 3 layers and is rugby ball shaped.(football shape)

 

Pathogenicity

Mild

Mild

39

Slide40

2.Family: FimbriaridaeGenus: Fimbriaria

spp:F.fasciolaris

 

Morphology:

its large tap wormits provided with a flaring anterior neck region known as pseudoscolexstrobila externally un segmented but cross striations give impression of segmentationminute scolex is attached to pseudoscolex suckers are unarmedthe rostellum is retractile with 10_12 hooksgenital pores are unilateral closely crowded togetherHabitat: in small intestine of ducks and chickens  40

Slide41

There are 10 species of tapeworms affecting poultry:Davainea proglottina

Raillietina tetragona

R.

cesticillus

R.echinobothridaCotugnia digonoporaChoanotaenia infundibulumHymenolepis cariocaH. lanceolataFimbriaria fasciolaris A.cuneata41

Slide42

42