Figure 121 Embryonic development of the human brain Neural tube contains neural canal Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures Adult neural ID: 775207
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Slide1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.1 Embryonic development of the human brain.
Neural tube
(contains neural canal)
Primary brain vesicles
Secondary brain vesicles
Adult brain structures
Adult neural canal regions
Anterior(rostral)
Prosencephalon(forebrain)
Mesencephalon(midbrain)
Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
Posterior(caudal)
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Cerebrum: cerebralhemispheres (cortex,white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus), retina
Brain stem: midbrain
Brain stem: pons
Cerebellum
Brain stem: medullaoblongata
Spinal cord
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Slide2© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Opener 12
Slide3© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.2c Brain development.
Cerebral
hemisphere
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Birth: Shows adult pattern of structures and convolutions.
Slide4© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.4a Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.
Anterior
Longitudinal
fissure
Frontal lobe
Cerebral veins
and arteries
covered by
arachnoid
mater
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Parietal lobe
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Occipital
lobe
Superior view
Posterior
Slide5© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.4c Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal lobe
Central
sulcus
Precentral
gyrus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
(on medial surface
of hemisphere)
Lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Transverse
cerebral fissure
Pons
Spinal cord
Fissure
(a deep
sulcus)
Gyrus
Cortex (gray matter)
Sulcus
White matter
Lobes and sulci of the cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Slide6© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.4a Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.
Anterior
Longitudinal
fissure
Frontal lobe
Cerebral veins
and arteries
covered by
arachnoid
mater
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Parietal lobe
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Occipital
lobe
Superior view
Posterior
Slide7© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.4c Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal lobe
Central
sulcus
Precentral
gyrus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
(on medial surface
of hemisphere)
Lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Transverse
cerebral fissure
Pons
Spinal cord
Fissure
(a deep
sulcus)
Gyrus
Cortex (gray matter)
Sulcus
White matter
Lobes and sulci of the cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Slide8© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.9b Basal nuclei. (2 of 2)
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral white matter
Corpus callosum
Anterior horn
of lateral ventricle
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Thalamus
Third ventricle
Inferior hornof lateral ventricle
Head of caudate nucleus
Slide9Parkinson’s Disease
-Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
-What is dopamine?
-Without dopamine basal nuclei become overactive-tremor
Slide10Slide11Huntingtin’s Disease
-The
Huntingtin
gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called "
huntingtin
"
-Fatal hereditary disorder
-Huntington protein accumulates in basal nuclei
-Autosomal
dominant mutation
-Any
child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease
Slide12© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.10a Midsagittal section of the brain.
Cerebral hemisphere
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamic
adhesion
(intermediate
mass of thalamus)
Interventricular
foramen
Anterior
commissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary
body
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Corpus callosum
Fornix
Choroid plexus
Thalamus
(encloses third ventricle)
Posterior
commissure
Pineal gland
Epithalamus
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Midbrain
Arbor vitae (of cerebellum)
Fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
Cerebellum
Slide13© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Diencephalon
Brain stem
View
(b)
View
(a)
View
(c)
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
Abducens
nerve (VI)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Pyramid
Ventral root of first
cervical nerve
Decussation of
pyramids
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Pituitary gland
Crus cerebri of cerebral
peduncles (midbrain)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pons
Facial nerve (VII)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Spinal cord
Ventral view
Thalamus
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Olive
Left lateral view
Figure 12.13a–b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).
Slide14Slide15© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.10a Midsagittal section of the brain.
Cerebral hemisphere
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamic
adhesion
(intermediate
mass of thalamus)
Interventricular
foramen
Anterior
commissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary
body
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Corpus callosum
Fornix
Choroid plexus
Thalamus
(encloses third ventricle)
Posterior
commissure
Pineal gland
Epithalamus
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Midbrain
Arbor vitae (of cerebellum)
Fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
Cerebellum
Slide16© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Diencephalon
Brain stem
View
(b)
View
(a)
View
(c)
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
Abducens
nerve (VI)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Pyramid
Ventral root of first
cervical nerve
Decussation of
pyramids
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Pituitary gland
Crus cerebri of cerebral
peduncles (midbrain)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pons
Facial nerve (VII)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Spinal cord
Ventral view
Thalamus
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Olive
Left lateral view
Figure 12.13a–b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).
Slide17© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.15b Cerebellum.
•
Inferior
Medulla oblongata
Flocculonodularlobe
Choroid plexus offourth ventricle
Posterior lobe
Arbor vitae
Cerebellar cortex
Anterior lobe
Cerebellarpeduncles
• Superior
• Middle
Slide18© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.22 Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone of skull
Dura mater
• Periosteal layer
• Meningeal layer
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid villus
Blood vessel
Falx cerebri
(in longitudinalfissure only)
Superior sagittalsinus
Subduralspace
Subarachnoidspace
Slide19Slide20© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.
Superior
sagittal sinus
Choroid plexus
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral aperture
Fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Central canalof spinal cord
(a) CSF circulation
The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF.
CSF flows through the ventriclesand into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures.
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space.
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle
(deep to cut)
Choroid plexus
of fourth ventricle
3
2
1
4
2
3
1
4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDMO4vYkqdg
Slide21© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.3a Ventricles of the brain.
Inferior
horn
Lateralaperture
Lateralventricle
Anteriorhorn
Thirdventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Anterior view
Slide22© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.3b Ventricles of the brain.
Lateral
ventricle
Anteriorhorn
Thirdventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Posteriorhorn
Inferiorhorn
Left lateral view
Slide23© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
sagittal sinus
Choroid plexus
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral aperture
Fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Central canalof spinal cord
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)
Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle
Ependymal cells
Capillary
Connectivetissue ofpia mater
Sectionof choroidplexus
Wastes and unnecessarysolutes absorbed
Cavity ofventricle
CSF forms as a filtratecontaining glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions(Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.)
CSF formation by choroid plexuses
CSF circulation
The choroid plexus of each ventricleproduces CSF.
CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures.
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space.
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.
Figure 12.24 Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.
1
2
3
4
Slide24© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.
Superior
sagittal sinus
Choroid plexus
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral aperture
Fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Central canalof spinal cord
(a) CSF circulation
The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF.
CSF flows through the ventriclesand into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures.
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space.
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle
(deep to cut)
Choroid plexus
of fourth ventricle
3
2
1
4
2
3
1
4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDMO4vYkqdg
Slide25Slide26© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.25 Hydrocephalus in a newborn.
Slide27© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.26a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.
Cervical
enlargement
Dura andarachnoidmater
Conusmedullaris
Caudaequina
Filumterminale
Sacralspinal nerves
Lumbarspinal nerves
Thoracicspinal nerves
Cervicalspinalnerves
The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bonyvertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally.
Lumbar
enlargement
Slide28© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.28a Anatomy of the spinal cord.
Epidural space
(contains fat)
Subdural space
Subarachnoidspace(contains CSF)
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Spinal meninges
Bone ofvertebra
Dorsal rootganglion
Bodyof vertebra
Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra
Slide29© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.28b Anatomy of the spinal cord.
Dorsal median sulcus
Gray commissure
Dorsal horn
Ventral horn
Lateral horn
Gray
matter
Central canal
Ventral median fissure
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Spinal dura mater
Whitecolumns
Dorsal funiculus
Ventral funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Dorsal rootganglion
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root(fans out into dorsal rootlets)
Ventral root(derived from severalventral rootlets)
The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings