Rob Kitchin NIRSA National University of Ireland Maynooth Smart cities Lots of definitions of smart cities Generally encompass three dynamics Instrumentation and regulation Cities composed of ID: 481848
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Slide1
Framing smart cities
Rob KitchinNIRSA, National University of Ireland MaynoothSlide2
Smart cities
Lots of definitions of smart cities. Generally encompass three dynamics:Instrumentation and regulationCities composed of ‘everyware
’: ICT infrastructure, devices, sensors, software, big data
Cities become knowable and controllable in new, dynamic, reactive ways; improved models and simulations for future development
More efficient, competitive and productive service deliverySlide3
Urban big data
DirectedSurveillance: CCTV, drones/satellite
Digitisation of millions of documents, films, audio recordings
Automated
Automated surveillance
Digital devices
Sensed and scanned data Interaction and transactional dataIoT (Internet of things) and M2M (machine to machine)Volunteered Social mediaSousveillance/wearablesCrowdsourcingCitizen scienceSlide4
Single systemsSlide5
Integrated, city & sector wideSlide6
Smart cities
Lots of definitions of smart cities. Generally encompass three dynamics:Instrumentation and regulationCities composed of ‘everyware
’: ICT infrastructure, devices, sensors, software, big data
Cities become knowable and controllable in new, dynamic, reactive ways; improved models and simulations for future development
More efficient, competitive and productive service delivery
Policy, development and governance
Advances in ICT reconfiguring human capital, creativity, innovation, education, sustainability, governanceCities as competitive, entrepreneurial, knowledge-driven systemsSocial innovation, civic engagement and hactivismICT provides means for transparent and accountable governance, new forms of civic participation, better informed citizensFirst two largely underpinned by neoliberal visions of market-led and technocratic solutions to city governance and developmentThird is a counter-weight for some, alternative for othersSlide7
Smart ...
Economy entrepreneurship, innovation, productivity, competivenessGovernment
e-
gov
, open data, transparency, accountability, evidence-informed decision making, better service delivery
Mobility
intelligent transport systems, multi-modal inter-op, efficiencyEnvironmentgreen energy, sustainability, resilienceLivingquality of life, safety, security, manage riskPeoplemore informed, creativity, inclusivity, empowerment, participationSlide8
The promise of smart cities
Technology can be deployed to tackle pressing issuesThe city becomes knowable and controllable in new ways, enabling new forms of operational governanceBetter information; more transparency and accountability; enhanced participation in city lifeImproved models and simulations for future development
More efficient, competitive and productive service delivery; better run and cost effective cities
Stimulate creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth
Enhance quality of lifeSlide9
Seven critiques of smart citiesSlide10
1. Ahistorical,
aspatial and homogenizingOne size fits all approachFails to recognize history, culture, context, local sense of place, politics, governance, diversity,
etc
Often idealised imaginary of green field development rather than complexities of established communities, competing interests and legacy infrastructure
Treats cities as a generic market for smart city solutionsSlide11
2. The politics of urban data
smart city data portrayed as being objective and non-ideological. likewise, the algorithms used to process these data are positioned as neutral and non-ideological in their formulation and operation, grounded in scientific objectivity
p
resents
an image of being politically benign and commonsensical
h
owever, data do not exist independently of the ideas, techniques, technologies, people and contexts that conceive, produce, process, manage, analyze and store themdata are situated, contingent, relational, and framed and used contextually to try and achieve certain aims and goals.technical and managerial issues concerning measurement, sampling frame, handling, veracity (accuracy, fidelity), uncertainty, error, bias, reliability, calibration, lineageSlide12
3. Technocratic governance and solutionism
all aspects of a city can be measured and monitored and treated as technical problems that can be addressed through technical solutions underpinned by an ‘instrumental rationality’ and practices ‘
solutionism
’: that is, there is a belief that complex open systems can be disassembled into neatly defined problems that can be solved or optimized through computation
all that is required to understand, manage and fix the issues a city faces -- in rational, logical and impartial ways -- is sufficient data and suitable algorithms
top-down approach: marginalizes other forms of governance and is technically rather than citizen focusedSlide13
4. Neoliberal political economy & corporatisation of governance
overly driven by corporate interests who are using it to capture government functions as new market opportunities.promoting the marketisation of public services and the hollowing out of the state wherein city functions are administered for private profit
potentially creates a technological lock-in or corporate path dependency that beholden cities to particular technological platforms and vendors over a long period of time, creating monopoly positionsSlide14
5. Buggy, brittle, hackable urban systems
smart cities takes two open, highly complex and contingent systems -- cities and digital systems -- and binds them togethercreates environments which are inherently buggy and brittle and are prone to viruses, glitches, crashes, and security hacks
as systems become ever more complicated, interconnected and dependent on software, producing stable, robust and secure devices and infrastructures becomes more of a challenge
new systems lead to the discontinuation of analogue alternatives, meaning that if they fail there are no alternatives until the system is fixed/rebootedSlide15
6. Profound social, political, ethical effects
panoptic surveillance and erosion privacy (in its diverse forms)social sorting control creepanticipatory governanceSlide16
7. Reinforce power geometries & inequalities
smart cities are the vision of certain vested intereststhey serve the interests of certain constituenciest
hey
control/regulate other populations
a
ctively
marginalize/dispossess someSlide17
Conclusion
A smart city is not a vision of a future city; they already exist in practice in a multitude of formsThere’s much debate about what constitutes a smart city and often a disconnect between discourse and actually existing smart urbanism Nevertheless, smart city technologies and networked urbanism hold much promise
They also pose a number of challenges and risks
The pace of development and rollout is well ahead of reflection and critique
Yet we will live with the cities we produce for many years
There’s an urgent need to interrogate the vision and implementation of smart cities to ensure we favourably balance the positives in favour of the negativesSlide18
Rob.Kitchin@nuim.ie
@
robkitchin
http://www.nuim.ie/progcity
@
progcity
Kitchin
, R.,
Lauriault
, T. and
McArdle
, G. (2015) Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards. Regional Studies, Regional Science
2: 1-28Kitchin
, R. (2015) Making sense of smart cities: addressing present shortcomings. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 8: 131-136
Kitchin, R. (2015) Spatial big data and the era of continuous geosurveillance. DIS Magazine Kitchin, R. (2014) The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal 79(1): 1-14.Slide19
Privacy
Surveillance Watching, listening to, or recording of an individual’s activitiesInterrogation Various forms of questioning or probing for informationAggregation
The combination of various pieces of data about a person
Identification
Linking information to particular individuals
Insecurity
Carelessness in protecting stored information from leaks and improper accessSecondary Use Use of information collected for one purpose for a different purpose without the data subject’s consentExclusion Failure to allow the data subject to know about the data that others have about her and participate in its handling and use, including being barred from being able to access and correct errors in that dataBreach of confidentiality Breaking a promise to keep a person’s information confidentialDisclosure Revelation of information about a person that impacts the way others judge her characterExposure Revealing another’s nudity, grief, or bodily functionsIncreased Accessibility Amplifying the accessibility of informationBlackmail Threat to disclose personal informationAppropriation The use of the data subject’s identity to serve the aims and interests of anotherDistortion Dissemination of false or misleading information about individualsIntrusion Invasive acts that disturb one’s tranquillity or solitudeDecisional Interference Incursion into the data subject’s decisions regarding her private affairsSlide20
Data type
Data
collected by
Uber
android app
Accounts log
email log
App Activity
name, package name, process number of activity, processed id
App Data Usage
Cache size, code size, data size, name, package name
App Install
installed at, name, package name, unknown sources enabled, version code, version name
Battery
health, level, plugged, present, scale, status, technology, temperature, voltageDevice Infoboard, brand, build version, cell number, device, device type, display, fingerprint, IP, MAC address, manufacturer, model, OS platform, product, SDK code, total disk space, unknown sources enabledGPS accuracy, altitude, latitude, longitude, provider, speed
MMS
from number, MMS at, MMS type, service number, to number
NetData
bytes received, bytes sent, connection type, interface type
PhoneCall
call duration, called at, from number, phone call type, to number
SMS
from number, service number, SMS at, SMS type, to number
TelephonyInfo
cell tower ID, cell tower latitude, cell tower longitude, IMEI, ISO country code, local area code, MEID, mobile country code, mobile network code, network name, network type, phone type, SIM serial number, SIM state, subscriber ID
WifiConnection
BSSID, IP,
linkspeed
, MAC
addr
, network ID, RSSI, SSID
WifiNeighbors
BSSID, capabilities, frequency, level, SSID
Root Check
root status code, root status reason code, root version, sig file version
Malware Info
algorithm confidence, app list, found malware, malware SDK version, package list, reason code, service list,
sigfile
version