World History AP Islam One of three Abrahamic monotheistic religions Judaism amp Christianity worship the same God as Muslims Two Branches Sunnis Sunna tradition majority of Muslims ID: 680282
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Slide1
The Rise of Islam; 600-1200
World History APSlide2
Islam
One of three Abrahamic, monotheistic religions
Judaism & Christianity worship the same God as Muslims
Two Branches:
Sunnis
: (
Sunna
=tradition) majority of Muslims
Shi’ites:
(“Party of Ali”) believe caliph descends from Ali
Founder:
Muhammad
(570-632)
Five Pillars of Islam
Belief
: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet”
Prayer
: Must perform prescribed prayers five times a day
Charity
: “giving alms” giving part of one’s wealth to the poor
Fasting
: Refraining from eating or drinking from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage
: Must visit Mecca once in lifeSlide3
The Five Pillars:Slide4
Islamic Beginnings
Arabia=isolated, populated by semi-nomadic clans of Semitic speaking polytheistic people
Trade routes shift south, Arabs control new routes
Christian and Buddhist missionaries visit area
570: Muhammad born in Mecca, center of trade
Orphaned by 5, marries
rich widow, Khadija
Troubled by economic inequalities, meditatesVisited by Angel Gabriel who reveals God’s wordsMuhammad=last prophet in long line (Hebrews & Jesus)Allah’s messages written in the Quran
Muhammad’s faith called
Islam
“submission to the will of Allah”;
Muslims
=“one who submits”Slide5
MuhammadSlide6
Building the Faith
622 C.E.: The Hijra
Muhammad &
umma
leave Mecca for
Yathrib
Population of Yathrib converts to Islam, renamed MedinaOld clan, family, and tribal distinctions replaced by ummaMuhammad defeats Mecca’s army, reenters city
Rededicated
Kaaba
as Islam’s holiest site
632: Muhammad dies, Abu
Bakr
named
kalifa
Dar al-Islam
vs.
Dar al-
harb
Jihad
: struggle in the way of God, personal & external
Caliph
: successor of Muhammad, new leaders
First four caliphs expand empire with Bedouin fighters
Take lands from Byzantine Empire, defeat
Sasanids
Islam establishes political foundation with generationSlide7
The Kaaba
The
KaabaSlide8
The CaliphateSlide9
The Umayyad Caliphate
First four caliphs build empire, do not stabilize
Last “rightly guided caliph”—Ali—assassinated
Umayyad clan of Mecca succeeds him
Capital: Damascus, Syria
Hereditary dynasty, religious tolerance
Non-Arabs not allowed to hold high government office
Umayyad DeclineMany non-Arabs resent preference of ArabsUmayyad rulers increasingly oppressiveNon-Arabs and other Arab clans form coalitionAbbasi
clan, under leadership of Abu al Abbas, lead revolt
Umayyad dynasts flee to Spain, est. Iberian caliphate
Slide10
The Umayyad CaliphateSlide11
The Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid caliphs move capital to Baghdad
Located in Arabic-speaking Iraq, but close to non-Arabs
Caliph = religious & political leader
Ulama
: Islamic scholars,
sharia
law, unity of the ummaSharia covers all aspects of practical and spiritual lifeUlama become law makers guided by Quran and
Hadith
Ulama
retains real religious power
Mix of Persian & Byzantine royal norms
Decentralized power, powerful provincial governors
Turkish and Berber soldiers comprise bulk of army
Greek art and philosophy influential, preserved
Breakthroughs in sciences, philosophy, and artSlide12
Muslim Opposition
Sunni-Shiite SplitSunni
Muslims
(Arabic for “traditional”)
Majority of Muslim World
Accepted rule of Umayyad & Abbasid caliphs
Shiah
Muslims (from the Arabic Shi’at Ali “Party of Ali)Majority in Iraq & Iran with large groups in N. Africa
Believe Ali was the rightful caliph
Ali’s descendants called
imams
Both groups have own versions of
Sharia &
HadithDecentralized rule prompts opposition, revolt
Umayyad caliphs continue to rule in Spain
Shiite leader Abu
Abdallah
takes control of Egypt
Shiite Fatimid Caliphate, capital in CairoSlide13
The Muslim WorldSlide14
Fatimid EgyptSlide15
Women & Islam
Arabs late to adopt patriarchy
Men still married into women’s family, moved close
Women work, own property, multiple husbands
Increased relations with patriarchal Southwest Asians begins to decrease status of women
Muhammad’s relations with women changes
First wife Khadija was older, independent, equal
Muhammad marries more wives after Khadija’s deathInsist wives be veiled, favorite wife Aisha married at nineWomen limited to one husbandQuran reinforces patriarchy
Women given certain rights and protections
Dowries, evidence for moral crimes, infanticide
Women cannot divorce, take multiple husbandsSlide16
Greater Islamic World
Rival Islamic states try to outdo each other in artistic, intellectual, and scientific achievement
Umayyad Spain
Capital City: Cordoba, Spain
Great Mosque of Cordoba built in
arabesque
style
Good relations between Muslims, Jews, and ChristiansCentral AsiaArabic numerals, Algebra, Ibn Sina and medicine
Greek philosophy translated into Arabic
Sub-Saharan Africa
Trade & Islam expanded to West Africa
Swahili Coast
Gold, salt, and slavesSlide17
Umayyad SpainSlide18
La
Mezquita
of CordobaSlide19
Islam in Timbuktu