Chapter 19 Waste 19.1 solid Waste - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 19 Waste

19.1 solid Waste19.2 Reducing Solid Waste19.3 Hazardous Wastep. 480-503

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Key Terms

Solid wasteBiodegradableMunicipal solid wasteLandfillLeachateSource reduction

Recycling

Compost

Hazardous waste

Deep- well injectionSurface impoundment

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19.1 Solid Waste Objectives

Name one characteristic that makes a material biodegradableId 2 types of solid wasteDescribe how a modern landfill works

Name 2 Environmental problems caused by landfills

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The Generation of Waste

The US generates more than 10 billion metric tons of

solid waste

(any solid material that is thrown away)

More than doubled since the 1960’s

Space and waste-Most towns are running out of space1987- barge with 3,200 tons of garbage left Islip NY

looking for a place to put wasteSailed Gulf of Mexico for 5months looking for place, finally burned in NY and 430 tons of ask sent back to be buried

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The Generation of Waste

Population and WasteAs human pop and amount of waste grows larger the amount of land available per person becomes smallerGetting harder to dispose of the waste we create

Average person 4.4lbs per day

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Not All Waste Are Equal

BiodegradableCan be broken down by biological processes

Plant and animal matter, newspaper, cotton, leather

Non biodegradable-

synthetic

Chemicals to form compounds not naturally createdPolyester, nylon and plastic

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Plastic Problems

Made from petroleum or natural gas (carbon and hydrogen)- man made not naturally foundMay last for 100s of years

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Types of Solid Waste

1. Municipal Solid Waste-

Most of what we toss out

About 2% of total solid waste- more than 210 million metric tons each year

Growing much faster than the amount of mining or agricultural waste

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Types of Solid Waste

2. Solid Waste from Manufacturing, Mining and AgricultureManufacturing and mining waste make up 70%

56% of solid waste from manufacturing (scrap metal, plastics, paper, sludge and ash)

You purchase products that have been manufactured

9% is Agricultural waste (crops and manure) if contains fertilizers and pesticides difficult to dispose of

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Solid Waste Management

1970 only recycled 6.6%, 2004 28%, 2011 35%Landfills-

Permanent waste-

d

isposal facility where waste are put into the ground and covered each day with a layer of soil, plastic or both

More than 50% of municipal and manufacturing solid waste created in the us end up in landfillsContain the waste that is buried inside ithttp://

science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/landfill.htm

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Where Waste in the US Goes

Waste-disposal method

Percentage of waste by weight

Store in landfills

57

Recycled

28

Incinerated

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Problems with Landfills

Leachate

- liquid that has passed thought compacted solid waste in a landfill, contains dissolved chemicals from decomposing garbage. (paints, pesticides, cleansers, cans, batteries and appliances)

Most landfills have monitoring wells and storage tanks to measure and store

leachate

Can be treated as waste waterProblems:

If not monitored- can seep into groundwater, making nearby wells unsafe to drinkMethane- highly flammable gas, if not pumped out or is not monitored it can seep through the ground and into the basement of homes up to 300m from a landfill, can cause explosions.

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Safeguarding Landfills

Resource conservation and Recovery Act-

passed 1976, updated in 1984, states that new landfills be built with safeguards to reduce pollution problems

Must be lined with clay and plastic liner

Must have system to collect and treating

leachateVent pipes carry methane out, collect or burn for energyNew laws and regulations cause:

Increases cost of building Finding places to build Close to city but far from residentsCost of transporting trash to sites

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Safeguarding Landfills

Building more Landfills-Running out of space

Materials are not decomposing fast enough

Active landfills in 1988- 8,000- by 1990 they will filled

EPA estimates in 20 state that would be filled to capacity by 2014

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Safeguarding Landfills

Incinerators

- reduce weight by 75%

One option to reduce solid waste

1999- 102 operational incinerators that burned up to 94,000 metric tons of municipal solid waste per day

Problems: items are not separated before burning  air pollution, toxic gasses

Ash goes in landfill- can be more toxichttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb-RoAWv3ro

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19.2 Reducing Solid Waste

Identify 3 ways you can produce less wasteDescribe how you can use our consumer buying power to reduce solid wasteList the steps that an item must go through to be recycled

List 2 benefits of composting

Name one advantage and one disadvantage to producing degradable plastics

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19.2 Reducing Solid

Waste- Common Sense??Source Reduction- reduce solid waste before it gets to the landfills or incinerators

Buying less-

buy products that have less packaging

Buy products that

last longerRecyclable productsYour buying habits influence the manufacture

 they will change their habits to fit yours19Slide20

Recycling

Finding the best use of all the materials we throw away

Saves energy , water and other resources

95% less energy is needed to produce aluminum from recycled aluminum

Steps:

Collected and sortedCleaned and made ready to be used again

Used to manufacture new productsNew products sold to consumer

Increase demand

 increase supply

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Composting

Yard waste makes up more than 1.5% of a community’s solid wasteBiodegradable

Use bacteria to break down

Compost

- dark brown, crumbly material made from decomposed plant and animal matter that is spread on gardens/fields for nutrients

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Composting-

benefits Keeps organic waste out of landfills

Provides nutrients to the soil

Increases beneficial soil organisms, worms and centipedes

Suppress some plant diseases

Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticidesProtects soil from erosion

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Changing the Materials We Use

Change material eliminate waste

Drink boxes difficult to recycle

Buy items that can be recycled or made from recycled products

Paper or Plastic please?

Think before you just toss in the trash!

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Degradable Plastic- ??

Most are not biodegradablePhotodegradable plastic-

left in the sun for several weeks it becomes weak and brittle and will break into pieces.

Green plastic-

made by blending sugars in plants with a special chemical agent, made from living things and are considered to be more eco friendly

requires 20-50% less fossil fuelsDegrade within 45dyas of being thrown away (bacteria eats sugar)

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Degradable Plastic- ??

Problems:Plastic parts are only reduced to smaller pieces- will never disappear completely

Current issues- needs more research but can be linked to some health issues (?)

http://

science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/do-we-need-biodegradable-plastics.htm

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19.3 Hazardous Waste

Name 2 characteristics of hazardous wasteDescribe one law that governs hazardous waste

Describe 2 ways in which hazardous waste is disposed.

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19.3 Types of Hazardous Waste

Any waste that is a risk to health of humans or other living thingsCan be solid, liquids or gases

Toxic, corrosive, explosive materials

Love Canal,

Niagra

Falls NY, homes built on land that was used as a dump site for toxic wastehttp://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lovecanal/01.html

http://www.wivb.com/dpp/news/niagara/children-raised-in-love-canal-speak-out

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Types of Hazardous Waste

Dyes, cleansers and solventsPCBs from old electrical equipmentPlastics, solvents, lubricants and sealants

Toxic heavy metals, lead, mercury, cadmium and zinc

Pesticides

Radioactive waste

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Passed in 1976 and amended in 1984Regulate solid and hazardous waste disposal and protect humans and the environment from waste contamination

Must keep logs of how waste is disposed and how much

Special regulations and laws to facilities being built

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Superfund Act

Expensive to properly dispose of waste1980- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability ActForces the owners to pay for cleanup

Funds to clean up abandoned sites

Love Canal- $275 million

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Hazardous Waste Management

US produces 252 million metric tons of HW and is growing each year (2004)Prevention:

Produce less of it

Reuse it

Convert into nonhazardous substances

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HW- management

Land Disposal

Most is disposed on land

Deep-well injection-

wastes are pumped deep into the ground were they are absorbed into dry layer of rock below the level of ground water, waste is covered with cement to prevent contamination of ground water

Surface impoundment-

pond with a sealed bottom, solids collected and buried in landfills* Must be monitored for safe over years (air, soil and groundwater)

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HW- management

Biologically Treating

Certain bacteria can be used to clean up area that has been contaminated with hazardous substances (crude oil, PCB, cyanide)

Flowering plants and trees

Other chemicals

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HW management

Incinerating

HW

Burning

Many problems- most expensive, pollution controls, ash must be buried

Exporting HWUsed to send them to other statesInternational trade agreements

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HW at Home

Motor oil, paints, batteries, computers, phones, pesticides, fertilizers, cleaners, antifreezePublic collection datesTrained workers sort materials and recycle items

Oil-

185 gallons of used motor oil a year, this does not include car oil changing places

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