The processing storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning MEMORY ATKINSONSHIFFRIN MULTISTORE MODEL ATKINSONSHIFFRIN Permanent builtin fixed features that do not vary ID: 628123
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Slide1
MEMORY
PROCESS OF MEMORYSlide2
The processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning.
MEMORYSlide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7
ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MULTI-STORE MODELSlide8
ATKINSON-SHIFFRINSlide9Slide10
Permanent
, built-in fixed features that do not vary
Include the
amount
of information each store can hold (storage
capacity
) and storage
duration
(length of time it can be held there)
STRUCTURAL FEATURESSlide11
Selected and used by each individual and may vary in different situations.
E.g. attention – what you choose to attend to.
E.g. rehearsal – what you rehearse to transfer to LTM
E.g. retrieval – the search strategy chosen to retrieve the information
CONTROL PROCESSESSlide12
The
entry
point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very
brief
period.
SENSORY MEMORYSlide13
May have an
unlimited
capacity
Impressions
overlap
(continuum) rather than disconnected
Pen – visual sensory memory
Buffer
– held long enough to be transferred
Not
consciously
aware
of most informationNot transferred – it becomes lost
SENSORY MEMORYSlide14Slide15
Retain visual images in iconic memory for
1/3 second
Hand
Continuum – figure of 8 with sparklers
Sperling’s research
ICONIC MEMORYSlide16
You will be flashed a set of letters.
Recall as many as possible on a piece of paper.
GEORGE SPERLING 1960Slide17
G K B L
M V X P
R W Z CSlide18Slide19
J H W X
P N J M
T V Z KSlide20Slide21
1/20
second
Most could only recall 4-5
Short exposure – impossible to recall all
GEORGE SPERLING 1960Slide22Slide23
Stephen Wiltshire
https
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsJbApZ5GF0Slide24Slide25
1 What
colour
is the girl’s dress?
2
Where are the girl’s arms?
3
Is the cat looking to its right or its left?
4
How many red flower ‘spikes’ are there?
5
What
colour
is the girl’s hair?
6
How many stripes are there on the bottom of the girl’s dress?Slide26
Auditory
sensory
memory; that is, the brief sensory memory for incoming
auditory
information
ECHOIC MEMORYSlide27
Info stays longer -
3-4 seconds
Echoic memory stores the
tail-end
while the previous information is being processed.
ECHOIC MEMORYSlide28Slide29
A
memory system with limited
storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively
short
time, unless renewed in some way.
STM
stores information
temporarily
, but for a longer time than sensory memory (and less than LTM).
SHORT-TERM MEMORT (STM
)Slide30
In STM, the information is no longer an exact replica of the sensory stimulus, but an
encoding
(or
representation
) of one.
Holds the information you are
consciously aware
of.
STMSlide31
Info retains well for the first few seconds
After 12 seconds recall declines
After 18 seconds, almost all information disappears
DURATION OF STMSlide32
Remember the following trigrams.
qlg
j
fb
m
wt
rpy
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide33
Count backwards by threes from 634When the lights flash, right down the trigrams.
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide34
Remember the following trigrams.
pdt
wqk
dlm
kgb
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide35
Count backwards by fours from 781
When the lights flash, right down the trigrams.
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide36
Remember the following trigrams.
qdx
tgw
czx
c
qf
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide37
Count backwards by sixes from 915
When the lights flash, right down the trigrams.
PETERSON AND PETERSONSlide38
Digit Span Test
handout
CAPACITYSlide39
I went to the supermarket…
CAPACITY OF STMSlide40
Read these numbers and then without looking at the screen immediately write them down:
7, 2, 9, 4, 1, 8, 3
CAPACITY OF STMSlide41
Read these numbers and then without looking at the screen immediately write them down:
4, 9, 1 ,7, 3, 8, 6, 2, 9, 5, 7
CAPACITY OF STMSlide42
7 pieces of information plus or minus
2
7 ± 2
CAPACITY OF STMSlide43
The term
working memory
emphasises
the part of memory where information is temporarily held and
actively
‘
worked on
’ as we undertake our everyday tasks. Working memory enables us to consciously
use
information from both sensory memory and LTM.
STM AS WORKING MEMORYSlide44Slide45
Maintenance rehearsal
involves
repeating
the information being remembered over and over again so that it can be
retained
(or ‘maintained’) in
STM
(or working memory).
MAINTENANCE REHEARSALSlide46
Try with:
7, 9, 1, 6, 3, 4, 2, 5,
9
MAINTENANCE REHEARSALSlide47
T
he
process of
linking new
information in a meaningful way with other new information or information
already stored
in LTM to aid in its
storage
and
retrieval
from
LTM
Self-reference
effect
ELABORATIVE REHEARSALSlide48
You will hear a set of numbers called.
Listen to the number.
When I say ‘Go’, write down the numbers.
CHUNKINGSlide49
59824
731259
5239461
14962573
315429635
8693652174
48374692741
402738491268
CHUNKINGSlide50
T
he
grouping, or ‘packing’, of separate bits of information into a
larger
single
unit, or
‘
chunk
’, of information.
E.g. phone numbers
CHUNKINGSlide51
You will hear a set of numbers called.
Listen to the numbers.
When I say ‘Go’, write down the numbers.
CHUNKINGSlide52
423-19
267-198
390-675-2
573-291-43
721-354-456
245-619-830-2
141-384-515-89
201-315-426-762
CHUNKING