Kingdom Animal Phylum Chordate Class Mammal Order Primates Family Hominids Genus Homo Species Sapiens Important Vocabulary Paleoanthropologist ID: 927091
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Slide1
Human Evolution
Slide2Classification Hierarchy
Kingdom Animal
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammal
Order Primates
Family Hominids
Genus Homo
Species Sapiens
Slide3Important Vocabulary
Paleoanthropologist
Scientist who studies fossil evidence of human evolution.
Homininds
Group that includes humans and their immediate ancestors.
Slide4Background
It is very rare to find a complete skeleton of a fossilized hominid.
Scientists need to look at many different things to try and piece together the puzzle of human evolution.
Slide5Background Cont’
d
When hominid fossils
are
found, several important characteristics can help determine origin and lifestyle of the species.
Did organism walk upright?
Curvature of spine, position where spine attaches to skull and shape of pelvis
Brain size?
Examine skull fragments
Diet?
Wear and tear on fossilized teeth
How and where did it live?
Fossils found in same area & environment found
Slide6Primates
2 Divisions of Primates
1. Anthropoid primates
2.
Prosimean
primates
Characteristics:
Flat Nails (no claws)
Prehensile hands and feet (grasping)
Color vision and depth perception
Slide7Anthropoid Primates
Include:
marmosets
Monkeys
Apes
Humans
Brain size
Large relative to their body size
Opposable thumbs
Similar dental formula
number and arrangement of teeth
Slide8HUMANS
Bipedalism
– Ability to walk on 2 feet
Aligned toes =
Bipedalism
Enlarged brain =Vertical face
Areas for speech in the brain
S- shaped spine
Bowl-shaped pelvis
Slide9Slide10Prosimean primates
Include:
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers
Slide11Tarsier Skeleton
Slide12Hominids
Hominids include humans and extinct humanlike primates
The oldest known hominid fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old
First fossils found in Africa
Slide13Australopithecus
Oldest known genus of hominids
Lived more than 4 million years ago
Knee joints- Allow
bipedalism
!
Australopithecus
anamensis
Australopithecus
afarensis
– believed to have given rise to:
A.
africanus
A.
robustus
A. boisei
more than 1 million years ago
NOT ancestral to modern humans!
Slide14Australopithecus vs. Modern
Australopithecus, 4-3 myrs ago
Modern human
Chimpanzee
Slide15A.
africanus
!
Slide16A.
boiser
!
Slide17Discovery of Lucy!
Fossils of nearly half complete early hominid
Australopithecus
afarensis
suggests hominids became bipedal before their brains began to dramatically enlarge
Slide18Ardipithecus
ramidus
Recent discovery
Not clear whether it was bipedal
4.4 million years old
Slide19Existence of hominid species not ancestral to modern humans implies…
Hominid
phylogenetic
tree is very branchy in appearance
Representing species died out, leaving no descendants.
Slide20Early Members of the genus Homo
H.
habilis
& H. erectus
Ancestors to modern humans
Larger brains than australopithecines
May have had speech
Started to develop tools
Homo
habilis
Homo erectus
Slide21Slide22Cranial Comparisons
Neanderthal
Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens
Slide23Neanderthals
For years, the thinking among anthropologists was that homo sapiens, being superior to Neanderthal man, ran him off the planet. More recently, that view has been discarded and the picture become more complicated. For one thing, Neanderthals may have mixed with the ancestor of modern man, which means that we could be carrying Neanderthal genes.
Slide24Reconstructed
Neanderthal
skull
characterized
by prominent heavy
brow ridges and week chin
Slide25Cro-Magnons
Cro-Magnons coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe and the Middle East for as many as 50,000 years
Cro-Magnons had domed heads, smooth brows, and prominent chins
30,000-year-old Cro-Magnon artifacts include:
Bone flutes
Ivory sculptures
Evidence of elaborate burial ceremonies
Slide26Cro-Magnon Cave Painting
Slide27Homo sapiens
Evolved about 800,000 years ago
A) Neanderthals
Were early Homo sapiens
They may be ancestral to modern humans OR
They may have died out and been replaced by modern humans
Slide28Some hypotheses:
1. some anthropologist think
H. sapiens
evolved in PARALLEL from populations of
H
.
erectus
all over the world. (interbreeding)
2. some anthropologists propose that
H. sapiens
DESCENDED from
H. erectus
in Africa and then dispersed across Earth.
Slide29Evolution of Modern Humans
Slide30Human Evolution
Slide31Slide32Slide33Piltdown Man (1912)
Charles Dawson
fake 1953
preceding Neanderthals
*
Slide34Waves of Hominid Emigration
Two hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of
Homo sapiens
“African replacement”
hypothesis
Also called Out of Africa, Recent-African-Origin
“Multiregional origin” hypothesis
Slide35“African Replacement” Hypothesis
Members of the genus
Homo
made repeated long-distance migrations out of Africa beginning 1.8 million years ago
H. sapiens
emerged from Africa about 150,000 years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and
Asia
The dispersing
H. sapiens
populations replaced all other hominids
Slide36Evolution of Modern Humans
Slide37Slide38“Multiregional Origin” Hypothesis
H. erectus
emerged from Africa 1.8 million years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and Asia
Continued migrations and interbreeding occurred among widespread
H. erectus
populations
Regional populations of
H. erectus
evolved into
H. sapiens
Slide39Evolution of Modern Humans
Slide40