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Human Evolution Classification Hierarchy Human Evolution Classification Hierarchy

Human Evolution Classification Hierarchy - PowerPoint Presentation

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Human Evolution Classification Hierarchy - PPT Presentation

Kingdom Animal Phylum Chordate Class Mammal Order Primates Family Hominids Genus Homo Species Sapiens Important Vocabulary Paleoanthropologist ID: 927091

sapiens humans homo modern humans sapiens modern homo years primates erectus evolution hominid million africa australopithecus hominids human neanderthals

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Human Evolution

Slide2

Classification Hierarchy

Kingdom Animal

Phylum Chordate

Class Mammal

Order Primates

Family Hominids

Genus Homo

Species Sapiens

Slide3

Important Vocabulary

Paleoanthropologist

Scientist who studies fossil evidence of human evolution.

Homininds

Group that includes humans and their immediate ancestors.

Slide4

Background

It is very rare to find a complete skeleton of a fossilized hominid.

Scientists need to look at many different things to try and piece together the puzzle of human evolution.

Slide5

Background Cont’

d

When hominid fossils

are

found, several important characteristics can help determine origin and lifestyle of the species.

Did organism walk upright?

Curvature of spine, position where spine attaches to skull and shape of pelvis

Brain size?

Examine skull fragments

Diet?

Wear and tear on fossilized teeth

How and where did it live?

Fossils found in same area & environment found

Slide6

Primates

2 Divisions of Primates

1. Anthropoid primates

2.

Prosimean

primates

Characteristics:

Flat Nails (no claws)

Prehensile hands and feet (grasping)

Color vision and depth perception

Slide7

Anthropoid Primates

Include:

marmosets

Monkeys

Apes

Humans

Brain size

Large relative to their body size

Opposable thumbs

Similar dental formula

number and arrangement of teeth

Slide8

HUMANS

Bipedalism

– Ability to walk on 2 feet

Aligned toes =

Bipedalism

Enlarged brain =Vertical face

Areas for speech in the brain

S- shaped spine

Bowl-shaped pelvis

Slide9

Slide10

Prosimean primates

Include:

Lemurs

Lorises

Tarsiers

Slide11

Tarsier Skeleton

Slide12

Hominids

Hominids include humans and extinct humanlike primates

The oldest known hominid fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old

First fossils found in Africa

Slide13

Australopithecus

Oldest known genus of hominids

Lived more than 4 million years ago

Knee joints- Allow

bipedalism

!

Australopithecus

anamensis

Australopithecus

afarensis

– believed to have given rise to:

A.

africanus

A.

robustus

A. boisei

more than 1 million years ago

NOT ancestral to modern humans!

Slide14

Australopithecus vs. Modern

Australopithecus, 4-3 myrs ago

Modern human

Chimpanzee

Slide15

A.

africanus

!

Slide16

A.

boiser

!

Slide17

Discovery of Lucy!

Fossils of nearly half complete early hominid

Australopithecus

afarensis

suggests hominids became bipedal before their brains began to dramatically enlarge

Slide18

Ardipithecus

ramidus

Recent discovery

Not clear whether it was bipedal

4.4 million years old

Slide19

Existence of hominid species not ancestral to modern humans implies…

Hominid

phylogenetic

tree is very branchy in appearance

Representing species died out, leaving no descendants.

Slide20

Early Members of the genus Homo

H.

habilis

& H. erectus

Ancestors to modern humans

Larger brains than australopithecines

May have had speech

Started to develop tools

Homo

habilis

Homo erectus

Slide21

Slide22

Cranial Comparisons

Neanderthal

Homo Erectus

Homo Sapiens

Slide23

Neanderthals

For years, the thinking among anthropologists was that homo sapiens, being superior to Neanderthal man, ran him off the planet. More recently, that view has been discarded and the picture become more complicated. For one thing, Neanderthals may have mixed with the ancestor of modern man, which means that we could be carrying Neanderthal genes.

Slide24

Reconstructed

Neanderthal

skull

characterized

by prominent heavy

brow ridges and week chin

Slide25

Cro-Magnons

Cro-Magnons coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe and the Middle East for as many as 50,000 years

Cro-Magnons had domed heads, smooth brows, and prominent chins

30,000-year-old Cro-Magnon artifacts include:

Bone flutes

Ivory sculptures

Evidence of elaborate burial ceremonies

Slide26

Cro-Magnon Cave Painting

Slide27

Homo sapiens

Evolved about 800,000 years ago

A) Neanderthals

Were early Homo sapiens

They may be ancestral to modern humans OR

They may have died out and been replaced by modern humans

Slide28

Some hypotheses:

1. some anthropologist think

H. sapiens

evolved in PARALLEL from populations of

H

.

erectus

all over the world. (interbreeding)

2. some anthropologists propose that

H. sapiens

DESCENDED from

H. erectus

in Africa and then dispersed across Earth.

Slide29

Evolution of Modern Humans

Slide30

Human Evolution

Slide31

Slide32

Slide33

Piltdown Man (1912)

Charles Dawson

 fake 1953

preceding Neanderthals

*

Slide34

Waves of Hominid Emigration

Two hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of

Homo sapiens

“African replacement”

hypothesis

Also called Out of Africa, Recent-African-Origin

“Multiregional origin” hypothesis

Slide35

“African Replacement” Hypothesis

Members of the genus

Homo

made repeated long-distance migrations out of Africa beginning 1.8 million years ago

H. sapiens

emerged from Africa about 150,000 years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and

Asia

The dispersing

H. sapiens

populations replaced all other hominids

Slide36

Evolution of Modern Humans

Slide37

Slide38

“Multiregional Origin” Hypothesis

H. erectus

emerged from Africa 1.8 million years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and Asia

Continued migrations and interbreeding occurred among widespread

H. erectus

populations

Regional populations of

H. erectus

evolved into

H. sapiens

Slide39

Evolution of Modern Humans

Slide40