Wednesday May 31, 2017 Agenda - PowerPoint Presentation

1. WednesdayMay 31, 2017Agenda(10) Catalyst(20) Genetics Review(15) Kahoot!(20) Baseball(20) Daily QuizI can:review genetics and heredity conceptsCatalyst1. Define the following:allelegenotypecarrier 2. Which is the larger of the two sex chromosomes?3. All cells contain (the same/different) DNA.HW: BRF #48 – 60135 Things… (due FRIDAY)

2. Biology Released Form

3. Biology Released Form

4. Biology Released Form

5. Biology Released Form

6. Biology Released Form

7. Biology Released Form

8. Biology Released Form

9. Biology Released Form

10. Biology Released Form

11. Predicting Offspring RatiosWe can use a Punnett Square to predict the offspring of two parents if we know both parents’ genotypes. In complete dominance, the dominant (capital) allele “masks” the recessive trait.

12. Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes.we CAN use two different letters to represent the different allelesgenotype:phenotype: R = redW = whiteRRWWRWredpinkwhiteIn incomplete dominance, there are always 3 phenotypes. One is in the middle of the other two.

13. Co-dominance is a pattern of inheritance in which both dominant alleles contribute to the phenotype. The heterozygous phenotype shows both traits.B = blackW = whiteBWBBwhiteblackerminette(black AND white) When there are two dominant alleles in one genotype, both are expressed.WW

14. Recall that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.Most genes are located on one of the 22 pairs of autosomes.Genes located on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked.The X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes.

15. X chromosomes are much larger than Y chromosomes and contain important genes. Y chromosomes are very small and only contain a maleness-determining factor. We don’t need a Y chromosome to function.XYWe have 2 copies of most of our genes…Since males only have 1 copy of each gene on the X-chromosome, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive.

16. Traits determined by genes located on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked traits.Some common sex-linked traits:red-green colorblindness – can’t distinguish between shades of green and redhemophilia – blood doesn’t clot properlyDuchenne muscular dystrophy – progressive weakness of the muscles; life expectancy: 25 yearsThese diseases are all caused by a recessive allele.

17. There are around 200 specialized cell types in the human body, each type with a specific function.However, every cell in an organism contains the same DNA.How is this possible?

18. Because different genes are expressed in different cell types, different proteins are made and cells become specialized. The process of cells specializing is called differentiation.

19. Stem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated.By expressing different genes, stem cells can become many other types of cells. Two types: embryonic stem cells; hematopoietic (adult) stem cells

20. Which is an example of cell differentiation?All mammal cells are identical.All cells have cilia at the adult stage.The DNA is different in all somatic cells.Fat cells have a different job than nerve cells.

21. Which type of cell is a stem cell?a cell that has not specialized yeta cell that has expressed its genotypea cell that has specialized into a stem cella cell that has changed from a skin cell to a stem cell

22. What is the ultimate cause for the difference between muscle and nerve cells?they both have different shapesthey both have different functionsthey are only different in mammalsdifferent genes are activated in the cells

23. Which of these determines whether a fertilized egg develops into a toad, a snake, or a lizard?the sex of the eggthe age of the eggthe size of the eggthe genes of the egg

24. Which best accounts for the variety of cells within our bodies?differentiationmultiple nucleic acidsmultiple chromosomesenvironmental influences

25. What causes DNA instructions to make a muscle cell instead of a nerve cell?The muscle cell and nerve cell inherit different DNA sequences.Transcription of different genes leads to the synthesis of different proteins in the two cell types.The chromosomal DNA is rearranged and mutated so that the cell can become a muscle cell instead of a nerve cell.The muscle cell has more mitochondria than the nerve cell.

26. We use symbols as a shorthand to represent individuals and their traits. = male= female= affected individual= carrierA carrier is a heterozygous individual unaffected by the trait. *Not all pedigrees will use these symbols to show heterozygotes.*

27. We use symbols as a shorthand to represent individuals and their traits. = mating= offspring in birth orderThe generations are represented by Roman numerals. The individuals are numbered in normal numbers starting from the left.IIII-1I-2II-1II-2

28. Many traits can be passed on from parent to offspring.hair textureeye color

29. Some traits are only partly determined by genes. The environment plays a role in the development of some traits. The environment is anything in the organism’s surroundings. Examples: Diet, exercise, sun exposure, tobacco use, drug use, etc. The environment can cause changes in the cell’s DNA, which can result in a changed phenotype.

30. A mutation is a chance in DNA. Mutations can be caused one of two ways:1. During replication, DNA polymerase makes an error and fails to correct it.

31. Mutations can be caused one of two ways:2. Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation can cause DNA to break or change. Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer.Mutagens are things that cause DNA to change. UV radiation and X-rays are common examples.

32. Be prepared to explain your answer!Which characteristic is least likely to be affected by an individual’s environment? height weight skin color eye color

33. Be prepared to explain your answer!Which is an example of the environment influencing the expression of a genetic trait? hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s family widow’s peak in each generation of a familygreat variation in height seen in members of a familyformation of freckles after sun exposure in members of a family

34. Be prepared to explain your answer!A newborn has phenylketonuria, which can cause severe intellectual disability. Fortunately, a simple dietary restriction of foods rich in phenylalanine has been shown to be effective in preventing intellectual disability. Given this, which is the best advice a physician can give the parents? “Please be aware that your child has an inherited disease that has no cure.” “Please restrict your child’s consumption of diet soft drinks to help prevent an intellectual disability.” C. “Please be aware that your child has an inherited disease, which will likely result in an intellectual disability.” D. “Please restrict your child’s consumption of all foods rich in phenylalanine to help prevent an intellectual disability.”

35. Be prepared to explain your answer!Two flowers that have the same genotype have different phenotypes; one has blue petals, and one has pink petals. Which best describes the differences in gene expression? One flower is mutated. The flowers may have been exposed to different pH levels in the soil. The flowers may have been exposed to homozygous recessive genes. The flowers were hybrids and one gene was dominant over the other allele.

36. If a man loses his arm in an accident……will his son also only have one arm?

37. Mutations are only passed on if they occur in gametes.

38. Be prepared to explain your answer!A new mutation that occurs in which type of cell can be passed on to offspring? blood cell nerve cell brain cell egg cell

39. Be prepared to explain your answer!Which genetic mutation can be passed to the offspring? A gamete containing an extra chromosome is formed. Excessive sun exposure causes uncontrolled mitosis in skin cells. The DNA of a lung cell is damaged by exposure to cigarette smoke. A cell of a reproductive organ contains a damaged chromosome.

40. Be prepared to explain your answer!Which cell will most likely pass on a heritable change to offspring if a mutation occurs in the DNA? skin cell brain cell sperm cell muscle cell

41. Be prepared to explain your answer!Which type of environmental interaction, through repeated exposure, can cause a functional change in the skin cells? viruses tobacco useUV radiationvitamin deficiency

42. BaseballYou will compete against each other in two teams.One team at a time is at bat. A representative from the team will be presented with a question that they must answer individually. If you get the question wrong, your team receives a strike, and the next person must answer. Three strikes and the teams switch.If you get the question right, proceed to the next base. No stealing ;)

43. Which process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized egg?differentiationnatural selectionselective breedinggenetic engineering

44. Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells.Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells.Muscle cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells.Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart.

45. The inheritance of short wings in fruit flies is an X-linked, recessive trait. Which would most likely result if a short-winged female mates with a long-winged male?All offspring will be short-wingedAll females will be long-winged, and all males will be short-wingedAll females will be short-winged, and all males will be long-wingedHalf of the males and females will be short-winged, and half will be long-winged

46. Which would most likely produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring?radiation changing the DNA sequence in skin cellsa gamete with an extra chromosome formingtobacco smoke altering the genes in lung cellsexposure to chemicals altering nerve cell function

47. How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells?It would increase cell specialization in organs.It would change the sequence of DNA nucleotides in affected cells.It would produce new nucleotides for DNA molecules.It would cause an increase in red blood cell production.

48. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood?one parent with type AB blood, and the other with type Aone parent with type AP blood, and the other with type Oone parent with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type Oone parent with homozygous type A blood, and the other with homozygous type B

49. One of the parents of a child has PKU, which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with PKU?0%50%75%100%

50. Which disease most likely occurs after excessive exposure to UV radiation?malariaasthmaskin cancerpolio

51. Hitchhiker’s thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker’s thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker’s thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker’s thumb. What is the probably genotypic ratio of their children?0% Hh : 100% hh50% Hh : 50% hh75% Hh : 25% hh100% Hh : 0% hh

52. In a particular species of plants, when the soil pH is greater than 7, blue flowers are produced. However, when the soil pH is less than 7, pink flowers are produced. Which statement best explains the color change in the plant?Multiple alleles determine the color of the flower.The change in flower color is a result of a mutationPolygenic inheritance produces the different flower colors.The environment influences the expression of the gene for flower color.

53. Which genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping?point mutationrecessive alleleextra chromosomesex-linked allele

54. A cleft chin in humans is coded by the dominant allele C. A chin without a cleft is coded by the recessive allele c. A man with a cc allele combination for the trait produces a zygote with a woman with a Cc allele combination for the trait. Which allele combinations could occur in the zygote? Cc or cc CC o rCc CC only Cc only

55. Two parents have blood type A, and they are both heterozygous for this trait. What is the chance they will have a child with a homozygous genotype? 0% 25% 50% 75%

56. A daughter has hemophilia, a recessive sex­linked trait. Which are possible genotypes of her parents? XHXh and XhY XHXH and XhY XhXh and XHY XHXh and XHY

57. A woman with blue eyes has a brown­eyed son. He marries a woman with blue eyes. What is the probability that they will have a a blue­eyed child? 0 in 4 1 in 4 1 in 2 3 in 4

58. Which use of recombinant DNA provides a medical benefit to humans?A. E. coli engineered to produce insulinB. heat resistance engineered into cropsC. drought resistance engineered into cropsD. cotton plants engineered to contain the Bt gene for protection

59. Which best describes organisms that have had parts of their DNA replaced with that of a different organism? A. cloned organisms B. sexual organismsC. asexual organismsD. transgenic organisms

60. What process uses restriction enzymes to cut and move pieces of DNA from one bacterium to another? A. asexual reproduction B. genetic engineering C. gel electrophoresis D. protein synthesis

61. Which process can alter a plant to become resistant to pests? A. cloning B. recombinant DNAC. gel electrophoresisD. stem cell differentiation

62. Which statement represents a benefit of the Human Genome Project, if the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology are considered? A. It alters genes in species that have been evolving for years. B. It enables production of new types of genes to be used in infants. C. It identifies genes whose mutation is responsible for genetic disease. D. It aids in the development of microorganisms that are used in gene experiments.

63. Which has the Human Genome Project been useful in determining?A. the gender of an individualB. whether a fetus has Down SyndromeC. the frequency of crossing­over during meiosisD. whether individuals could carry genes for a certain condition

64. Which factor would cause two specialized tissues that contain identical DNA to function differently? (1)  Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated. (2)  All of the sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated. (3)  Specific sections of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated. (4)  All of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.

65. Some variation must be present in a population in order for natural selection to take place. These variations arise from mutations in the DNA and (1)  sorting of chromosomes during sexual reproduction (2)  combining of chromosomes during organ development (3)  changing of chromosomes during cloning (4)  removal of chromosomes during selective breeding

66. Which activity would most likely increase the mutation rate in a culture of bacteria being grown in a laboratory experiment? (1)  adding more distilled water to the culture (2)  adding excess nutrients to the culture (3)  exposing the culture to a higher concentration of CO2 (4)  exposing the culture to ultraviolet radiation

67. A human activity that could significantly decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is (1)  increasing the use of fossil fuel (2)  controlling insect pests that eat stored grain (3)  burning garbage and trash to generate electricity (4)  preserving and expanding forest habitats that shelter wildlife

68. Windmills that generate electricity are being built in coastal areas. The main benefit of these windmills is that they (1) produce finite resources(2) reduce dependency on fuels that cause air pollution(3) absorb the noise of passing boats(4) maintain the salt concentration in the ocean

69. Part of a process necessary for reproduction in complex organisms is represented below. Step C results in the production of (1)  four zygotes that will develop into embryos (2)  embryonic cells that could unite and develop into an organism (3)  four cells that will recombine to form two offspring (4)  gametes that could be involved in the formation of a zygote

70. The diagram below represents a food web.Which statement regarding organisms in this food web is correct? (1) There would be more snakes than pocket gophers.(2) There would be more coyotes than rabbits. (3) There would be more insects than insect- eating birds. (4) There would be more hawks than seed- eating birds.

71. What is a transgenic organism?Identical clone produced through mitosis An organism that has three 21st chromosomes An organism with artificial DNA An organism with genes from another species

72. Which protein is produced by transgenic bacteria?Hemoglobin Collagen Insulin Lactase

73. What does gel electrophoresis compare?To determine if someone is recessive or dominant for an allele To map the entire human genome To compare DNA among organisms To determine if someone has Downs Syndrome

74. Which is used to cut DNA into fragments?DNA helicase DNA polymeraseRestriction enzymes Ribosomes

75. Flowers can be red, white or pink. What is the genotype of a pink flower?RR rrRrWW

76. How will stem cells affect society?We will be able to develop more insulin for diabeticsWe will be able to insert healthy genes to replace diseased DNA We will be able to grow new organs for transplant We will be able to clone humans

77. How do DNA fragments separate in gel electrophoresis?DNA fragments of equal size pair up together The shorter pieces of DNA travel the farthestThe longest pieces of DNA travel the farthest The shortest pieces of DNA travel the shortest

78. How has gene therapy impacted society? It has provided a map for the entire human genome It has created synthetic versions of insulinIt corrects genetic diseases by inserting healthy versions of genes It treats disorders such as depression and anxiety

79. A muscle cell has a different structure than a bone cell. What is this a result of?Meiosis Cloning Transcription Differentiation

80. Pick: Which of the following are sources of stem cells? Embryos Blood plasma Bone marrow Gametes

81. If two parents have AB blood, what is the chance they will have a child with type O blood?0%25%75%100%

82. A homozygous dominant man and a heterozygous woman have children. What are the chances that they will have a heterozygous child? 0%25%75%100%

83. Why does someone with the genotype Bb have brown eyes?Brown eyes are unrelated to genes Brown eyes are caused by only a heterozygous genotype. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes Brown eyes are more common than blue eyes

84. Species A and Species B have 68% of their DNA sequence in common, while Species B and Species C have 98% of their DNA in common. What is most likely true?All of the species belong to the same genus Species C is more closely related to species A than Species BSpecies A is a common ancestor to Species B and C Species B and Species C share more physical characteristics in common

85. If tree frogs are able to grow human skin, what can be concluded? Tree frogs are closely related to humans Tree frogs have synthetic genes Tree frogs have been given a segment of human DNA that codes for skin Humans have been given a segment of tree frog DNA that codes for skin

86. Which disease is caused by an inability to digest phenylalanine? Skin cancer Lung cancer Diabetes PKU

87. Why do scientists genetically engineer crops? To release less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere To be less resistant to UV raysTo increase water consumption To be resistant to insects

88. Which is true of cell differentiation? It leads to less specialized cells It only occurs in animals After it occurs at birth, it never happens again It leads to specialized cells, tissues and organs

89. Our phenotypes are expressed through proteins. Which process is responsible for this? DNA replication DNA synthesis Transcription Translation

90. Pick: A mother has AB blood and a father has O. Which genotypes are not possible for their children? ABABO

91. Which is true of PKU?Limiting consumption of phenylalanine cures PKU Limiting consumption of phenylalanine alters the gene mutation responsible for the disease Decreased consumption of phenylalanine reduces the amount of phenylalanine in the bloodstream Increased consumption of phenylalanine reduces the amount of phenylalanine in the bloodstream

92. A scientists wants to know whether a species of bird is related to the bald eagle. What type of genetic technology could she used to find out?Gene therapy Gel electrophoresis Transgenic organisms Human genome project

93. Why do people who never spend any time in the sun sometimes develop skin cancer while people who frequently use tanning beds sometimes do not? Tanning beds emit healthy UV rays The people who use tanning beds have a genetic predisposition to skin cancer The people who stay out of the sun have a genetic predisposition to skin cancer Staying out of the sun is not proven to reduce skin cancer

94. Why are there many different eye colors in a population?A. Eye color is a sex-linked trait B. Eye color can be influenced by the environment C. Eye color is coded for by many alleles D. Eye color is not genetic

95. What is cloning?Fixing damaged DNA by replacing it with healthy genes Mapping the entire human genome Creating genetically identical organisms A source of karyotyping

96. Which is true of the Human Genome Project?It has cured many genetic diseases It is a breakthrough, risky treatment for genetic disease It had located where certain genetic diseases can be found in DNA It can replace diseased DNA with healthy DNA

97. Which environmental disease leads to lung cancer? UV rays Tobacco smoke Phenylalanine Sugary foods

98. Which disease is caused by exposure to UV rays? Skin cancer Lung cancer PKU Diabetes

99. What is the genotype of person I-2?

100. If person IV-1 had a child with a carrier for hemophilia, how many of their children would have it?