in India The Food Balance Sheet Approach ICASVI Rio de Janeiro October 2325 2013 Ankush Agrawal Indian Institute of Technology Delhi India 1 Background Concerns regarding food and nutrition security ID: 1047693
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1. Availability of Food and Nutrients in India: The Food Balance Sheet ApproachICAS-VI, Rio de Janeiro, October 23-25, 2013Ankush AgrawalIndian Institute of Technology Delhi, India1
2. BackgroundConcerns regarding food and nutrition securityGlobal Hunger Index: 67/81 (severity of hunger in the country ‘alarming’)Agricultural growth in the past: unstable in general although improved during recent periodClimate change: high dependence on monsoonIt is not just the overall production but the availability pattern too is an important determinant of the welfare of the poorNearly 43% of the children in the country are underweightNutrition deficiency among the adultsImportant to have a reliable information base of nutritient production and availability2
3. ObjectivesAlternative food balance sheets for IndiaThe food balance sheet is a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's food supply during a specific periodEstimates of availability of macro- and micro-nutrients in India. Specifically, trends and composition of nutrientsConsistency of the nutrient availability worked out in this paper with the food balance sheets prepared by the UNAlso, FAO food balance sheets do not provide estimates of micronutrientsLargely a supply side view3
4. Methodology (1)We group the food items in the following three categoriesField crops: foodgrains, nine oilseeds, and sugarcaneAnimal and dairy foodsHorticultural crops: fruits, vegetables, and nuts Physical production and availabilityNutrient production and availability 4
5. FAO estimates and the present studyDifference in nutritive valuesNutritive value of different food items vary perceptibly across countriesDietary energy: the nutritive value used by FAO is lower for 69 and higher for 37 food items in the Indian caseAmbiguity onData sources, edible portion, ‘estimates made by the FAO staff’Corrections for processingThe reliability of estimates for India, being based on few samples from processing industries, is questionableFAO estimates include tea, coffee, and spices but this study does not5
6. Methodology (2)Nutrients consideredMacronutrients: energy and proteinMicronutrientsVitamins: B1, B4 and CMinerals: Calcium, phosphorous, and ironSodiumUnitsEnergy: Kcal; other items: unit of weight (gms or mg)Study period: 1990-91 to 2010-11 Three year averages6
7. DataData SourcesFood production; Seed, feed, and wastage; Imports and exports: Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of IndiaMinor difference with the FAO figuresNutritive values of food items; edible portions: Gopalan et al. (1989) and other studiesCompatibility and related issuesUnits of measurement (eggs, coconut, etc)Variety (pulses)7
8. Indices of growth for population and production of foodgrain, oilseeds and sugarcane
9. Physical Production and Availability(per capita per day)Field cropsFoodgrains: decline in production and availabilityThe decline is mostly on the account of riceProduction of pulses and coarse cereals too declinedAnimal and dairy foodsProduction as well as availability increased steadilyHorticultural cropsFruits: increase (banana, citrus, papaya and sapota)Vegetables: increase (all except sweet potato and tapioca)Nuts: stagnant9
10. Nutrient Production and Availability (1)MacronutrientsDietary energyProduction: 2800 Kcal per capita Availability: 2400-2500 Kcal per capita Poverty line (2300) and RDA (2480)Dietary energy available from cereals has declined though the same has been compensated by animal and dairy foods, and horticultural cropsProteinProduction: marginal increase (86 grams per capita to 89)Availability: 73 grams to 76; RDA (58)Increase mostly on the account of animal and dairy foods10
11. Nutrient Production and Availability (2)MicronutrientsVitaminsNo increase in availability of B1 and B4, availability of C increasedAvailability higher than the RDAMineralsAvailability of iron is stagnantIncrease in calcium, phosphorous, and sodiumPresent availability of iron barely equals the RDA requirement11
12. Sources of Nutrients: Energy12
13. Sources of Nutrients: Protein13
14. Sources of Nutrients: MicronutrientsNot much change is apparent in the composition during the last 20 years (hence 2009-10 figures) Food ItemB1B4CCalPhIronSodRice6.5216.770.002.3417.176.127.57Wheat42.7142.410.008.3728.6940.4612.70Coarse cereals6.613.881.901.295.347.526.84Pulses4.412.630.534.153.725.723.38Oilseeds25.0022.100.0418.8419.0518.570.00Sugarcane0.000.000.005.981.377.370.00EFM0.491.042.175.051.481.263.02Milk0.001.044.1744.9713.772.0545.61Fruits3.431.9931.482.001.402.9210.13Vegetables9.317.2159.446.564.715.9110.76Nuts0.980.920.270.443.312.090.00All Items100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.0014
15. Alternative Estimates of AvailabilityYear/ periodEnergy (Kcal/person/day)Protein (g/person/day )FAONSSOThis studyFAONSSOThis study1992-19942338.32132.72432.6655.359.373.41998-20002270.02150.82481.5655.859.071.42003-2005 2264.72040.22457.2355.057.073.2Horticultural Crops ~90 Kcal15
16. Dietary energy, protein and fat consumptionThe BRICS countriesEnergy Kcal/person/dayProteing/person/dayFat g/person/day1994-19961999-20012003-20051994-19961999-20012003-20051994-19961999-20012003-2005Brazil2,8722,8753,0947779848599104Russia2,8622,9053,100888692797787India2,3432,3522,358575656445052China2,8112,8992,940798588708086South Africa2,7532,7922,900727376697177World2,6882,7302,768737576707578Source: FAO Statistical Yearbook 200916
17. ConclusionThe availability of macro- and micro-nutrients during the last two decades merely kept pace with the population growthDietary energy: stagnantProtein: marginal improvementVitamins: B1 and B4 declined, C improvedMinerals: improvement, Iron: stagnantHowever, ensuring food security to the masses in India is more a distributional or an access issue than the availability at the national levelSources of nutrients Shift from cerealsCompared to FAO, our estimates are slightly higherNeed for systematic studies on post-harvest losses, food processing, and stocks17
18. Thank youComments and Suggestions18
19. Production and populationCompounded Annual Growth RatesYearCerealsPulsesFood grainsOilseedSugarcaneEggFishMeatMilkPopulation1951-614.383.304.223.796.074.634.431.641.981961-712.89-0.922.411.791.7810.414.231.502.241971-812.580.352.361.983.813.363.253.872.231981-913.071.412.946.193.157.385.475.122.161991-011.24-0.941.09-0.611.995.723.724.131.972001-092.213.062.266.240.495.153.139.663.521.64Notes: All computations are based on three year averages. Among the eatables, eggs are in numbers and other items are in weight. 19
20. Production and populationIndices of growth20
21. Availability of foodper capita per day (grams)YearCerealsPulsesOilseedsSugarMilkEFMGross availability 1993-94534.641.765.376.1189.519.71999-00527.036.459.081.6216.320.72004-05489.435.065.563.6234.822.02008-09506.734.865.372.2253.526.6Domestic supply 1993-94470.732.558.876.1189.513.51999-00465.528.353.181.6216.319.72004-05431.327.359.063.6234.820.92008-09446.527.158.872.2253.525.4Net availability 1993-94469.933.658.876.1189.513.41999-00459.928.853.181.6216.319.62004-05415.129.959.063.6234.820.82008-09433.532.358.872.2253.525.321
22. Availability of dietary energy, protein & fatsper capita per dayTotalCerealsPulsesOilseedsSugarMilkEFMAvailability of Dietary Energy (Kcals) 1993-942530.51570.7114.2317.5291.4174.316.21999-002520.21543.997.8286.7312.6199.022.92004-052348.31388.4101.4318.6243.6216.025.62008-092492.41454.2109.6317.3276.4233.231.0Availability of Proteins (grams) 1993-9470.742.06.711.80.37.11.91999-0070.641.65.810.60.38.13.22004-0568.537.26.011.80.38.83.52008-0972.939.36.511.80.39.54.4 Availability of Fats (grams) 1993-9443.05.71.023.50.112.20.81999-0042.35.50.921.20.114.01.02004-0545.55.00.923.60.115.11.22008-0947.15.21.023.50.116.41.422