Archaeological Sources Regarding History of Science and Technology in Ancient India Archaeological sources are of significant importance regarding history of science and technology in ancient India. Stone tools and artifacts: Core tools,
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Presentation Transcript
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Archaeological Sources Regarding History of Science and Technology in Ancient India Archaeological sources are of significant importance regarding history of science and technology in ancient India.<br>
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Stone tools and artifacts: Core tools, Flakes, Microlith tools, polished hand axe From old stone age to new stone age, stones became tools when shaped deliberately.
Early humans firstly by flaking and polishing stones made scarping and cutting tools for specific purposes.
Later, by fixing the stone head to a haft, they converted these hand tools into more versatile tools and weapons<br>
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Inscriptions: Religious, didactic, administrative, commercial, denotive Engraved on stone and metals, inscriptions are of great value.
Ashokan inscriptions present clear evidence of today's number system.
Chaturbhujh temple inscription of Gwalior (876 CE) has one of the earliest known epigraphical evidence of mathematical zero.
The iron pillar of Delhi of Chandragupta II (375-415 CE) is famous for rust resistance composition of the metals used in its constructions.<br>
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Monument: Ruins of settlements, Temples, Pillars and other buildings Many ancient architectural buildings of India prove advanced scientific knowledge regarding position of magnetic meridian position of the sun during equinox(s), ancient engineering, precision, skill and advancements
Vitthala temple in Hampi, Konark temple of Orissa, Hoysala temples may be taken as great examples<br>
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Material remains/Relics: Statues, Paintings, Tools, Toys In Harappan sites we find rulers or linear measures made from ivory and shell.
Terracotta seal of Lothal, there is depiction of seed drill.
All Harappan sites had sewage system and we find red colour cotton thread in Mohendojaro
Bronze dancing girl statue of Harappa and Natraj statue of Cholas were made with Lost Wax process.
Paintings of Ajanta, Bagha caves present the color and painting techniques<br>
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Pottery: Red Ware, Black and Red Ware, OCP, PGW, NBPW Proof of pottery making both hand-made and wheel-made is found from all over India. Historical with distinct culture, the style of pottery changed.
In Neolithic age we find hand-made pottery but later on foot wheels was also used.
In Chalcolithic age Black and Red ware was widely used. In the Harappan civilization both polished and unpolished pottery is found.
PGW, NBPW are related with Vedic era.<br>
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Coins: Indo-Greek, Punch marked and figure impressioned coins On punch marked coins(6th Century BCE to 1st Century CE), mostly made of silver and some times even of copper, the symbols were hammered using punches and dyes.
In the Indo-Greek coins (made of silver, usually round) minting was executed in a refined manner.
The Imperial Guptas issued well-minted and well executed gold and silver coins<br>
