Chapter 13: the muslim empires Three Muslim empires, each united by the Islamic religion and its ruling dynasty, reached the height of their power at different times between 1450 and 1800. The Ottoman Empire dominated the eastern
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Presentation Transcript
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Chapter 13: the muslim empires Three Muslim empires, each united by the Islamic religion and its ruling dynasty, reached the height of their power at different times between 1450 and 1800. The Ottoman Empire dominated the eastern Mediterranean, threatening Europe. The Mogul Empire ruled most of what is now India and Pakistan. Centered in Persia between its two Muslim rivals was the Ṣafavid empire. All three empires created brilliant cultures.<br>
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Lesson 1: the rise & expansion of ottoman empire • The chaos of the Mongolian invasions in the late thirteenth century led a new group of Turks to build power and eventually found the Ottoman dynasty.
• The Ottomans’ use and mastery of firearms helped them expand their empire.
• In 1453, the Ottomans destroyed the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople and gained control of an important trade route between Europe and Asia.
• The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Süleyman I in the sixteenth century and then went into decline.
•People living in the Ottoman Empire experienced religious tolerance and artistic achievements.<br>
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• A supreme leader called a sultan ruled the Ottoman Empire, which was divided into districts and provinces and governed by bureaucratic officials under his control.
•The sultan was responsible for the military.
• The subjects of the Ottoman Empire were divided into four main occupational groups: peasants, artisan, merchants, and pastoral people.
•The most privileged class in the Ottoman Empire were the merchants.
• The Ottomans were generally tolerant of non-Muslims and afforded more rights to women than other Muslim societies.
•The Ottoman Turks controlled the Balkans.<br>
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• The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Süleyman I, who size of the Empire and enforced a just government.
• During his reign, Suleyman reorganized the government and regulated its laws.
• After the death of Süleyman I, the power of the sultan and the overall administrative control of the Empire deteriorated.
• Ottoman officials and merchants began to favor Western art, clothing, and food, despite violent measures taken by several sultans to prevent this trend.
• The Ottoman economy began to decline due to a trade imbalance with Europe, leaving no funds for military expansion
• One sign of trouble in the Ottoman Empire were privileged groups dominating the government. Lesson 2: The Ottomans and the Safavids<br>
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• At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Şafavids took control of an area extending from Persia into central Asia.
•The Safavids used religion to unify their empire by declaring the Shia faith as the state religion. This conflicted heavily with the Ottomans, who were mainly Sunni Muslims.
• The Şafavids, like the Ottomans, trained administrators to govern their vast kingdom and outfitted their army with modern weapons.
• The Şafavid Empire reached its height in the early seventeenth century and then went into decline, eventually collapsing in the early eighteenth century
• The Safavid Empire found trade with Europe difficult because the empire was hemmed in by powerful neighbors.<br>
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• Led by the leader Bābur, the Mogul armies crossed the Khyber Pass in 1517 and captured Delhi.
• Bābur’s grandson, Akbar, brought Mogul rule to most of India by using heavy artillery and negotiating effectively.
• Akbars rule brought together Hindus and Muslims to practice religious tolerance.
• Under Akbar, who employed Hindu administrators and ran the government justly, the Indian subcontinent flourished.
• The treatment of women in Indian society both improved and suffered as a result of Mogul rule.
• The blend of Muslim and Hindu influences on the lives of women in the Mogul empire could be complicated.
• Hindu practices, such as the suttee and child marriage, remained largely unchanged by Mogul rule.
• A wealthy nobility and thriving merchant class emerged under Mogul rule, although this prosperity suffered when the Moguls declined and the British arrived.
• By the late 18th century, Mogul prosperity was shaken by the arrival of the British. Lesson 3: The Mogul Empire<br>
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• Akbar brought almost all of India under Mogul rule.
• Akbar is best known for the humane character of his rule, which helped to unify India.
• Aurangzeb is considered to be one of India’s most controversial rulers because he brought the Mogul Empire to its greatest physical size, yet it was plagued by religious intolerance and constant warfare.
•Women from the upper class could own land and receive salaries, but many women were kept isolated according to Islamic law.
•Art and architecture thrived, with a combination of Persian and Indian styles.
• The Moguls united Persian and Indian influences in a new architectural style, best symbolized by the Taj Mahal.
• The Moguls also united Persian and Indian cultures in their painting
• New Mogul painting and architecture combined aspects of Persian and Indian motifs.<br>
