INTELLIGENCE - PART--1 INTELLIGENCE KALPANA AGNIHOTRI DEPTT. OF EDUCATION C.S.J.M UNIVERSITY.KANPUR HISTORICAL OVERVIEW In Psychology this is termed intelligence while in Ancient India our great Rishis named it Viveka Intelligence was
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW In Psychology this is termed intelligence while in Ancient India our great “Rishis” named it “Viveka”
Intelligence was first introduced by an English scientist, Sir Francis Galton.(1822-1911).
The word “Mental test” was first used by Cattel in 1890
Intelligence test was first introduced by Alfred Binet in 1905 called father of intelligence testing.<br>
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ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING INTELLIGENCE word is derived from the LATIN noun INTELLIGENTIA or INTELLECTUS, which is taken from verb INTELLEGERE which has two parts. The prefix “intel” means between and suffix “Legere” means to select ,to pick out. So Intellegere means to understand, to perceive, to recognize and to realize.
INTELLECTUS became the technical term of UNDERSTANDING in medieval period.<br>
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CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE IS NOT A OBJECT OR THING BUT IT IS A WAY OF ACTING IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION.
BINET and TERMAN SAYS IT IS ABILITY OF ABSTRACT THINKING, IT IS ABILITY TO ACQUIRE AND APPLY KNOWLEDGE.<br>
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INTELLIGENCE -DEFINITIONS Terman-Intelligence is an ability to carry on abstract thinking.
F.Galton-Intelligence is the powerof recognition and learning.
A.Binet-Intelligence contained four words-Comprehension, invention,direction and Criticism.<br>
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DEFINITIONS STERNBERG says “it is cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well to remember important information and to cope with the demands of daily living”.
Piaget says it is the ability to adapt to one’s surroundings.<br>
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NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE It is inborn INNATE ability ,natural power, not acquired
It differs from individual to individual
It is ability to adjust , to learn and think abstractly
It is mental capacity or mental energy
It helps the individual to learn things and making adjustments<br>
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CONTT. It helps in the acquisition and application of knowledge and skills
Environment, training or Education affect intelligence
Intelligence is related to growth. It is aggregate ability
It reflects through purposeful acts<br>
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INTELLIGENCE<br>
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nature-heredity, nurture- environment<br>
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SOME STUDIES (!) IN SUPPORT OF HEREDITY-Bouchard and McGue(1981)
Identical twins- 0.86
Parents and children- 0.56
Brothers and sisters- 0.53
Cousins- 0.15
Adopted children- 0.1 to 0.2
(2) Twins study- Wilson(1975) I.Q. of identical twins are greater than fraternal twins.<br>
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Researches in support of Environment (1) Loehlin,Lindzey and Spuhler(1975)
Identical twins (reared together)—0.88, 0.85
Identical twins (reared apart)—0.75, 0.67
Siblings (reared together)- 0.49, 0.45
Siblings (reared apart)- 0.46, 0.24
(2)studies on Environmental deprivation or Enrichment (Schiff-1978)-adopted children
i.Q score increased by 16 points
(3) Family structure and birth order-Belmont and Marollar(1973)<br>
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TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE E. L.THORNDIKE has classified intelligence into three categories……
CONCRETE INTELLIGENCE—intelligence in relation to concrete materials, measured by performance test and picture tests.
ABSTRACT INTELLIGENCE—it is the ability to respond to words, numbers and letters etc.
SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE—it is the ability of an individual to react to social situation of daily life.<br>
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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE The term emotional intelligence was created by two researchers, Peter Salavoy and John Mayer in their article “Emotional Intelligence” in the journal Imagination, Cognition, and Personality in 1990. It was later popularized by Dr. Goleman described emotional intelligence as a person's ability to manage his feelings so that those feelings are expressed appropriately and effectively .
It is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.<br>
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines or software, as opposed to the intelligence of humans or animals.
John McCarthy is considered as the father of Artificial Intelligence. John McCarthy was an American computer scientist. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by him. He is one of the founder of artificial intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A.<br>
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Intelligence versus Competencies The concepts of intelligence and competence are often applied as synonyms . Some distinctive features commonly accepted in the literature are the context-specificity of competence (Kanning, 2002; McFall, 1982) and the more general meaning of intelligence constructs across situations or contexts (Süß et al., 2005). Competence appears to be more subject to modification and learning (Rose-Krasnor, 1997), whereas intelligence is comparatively stable over time and seen as hereditary to a large extent (see Deary et al., 2006 for an overview). However, intelligence is often a necessary part of the evaluation of competence (Süß et al., 2005).<br>
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REFERENCES Singh.A.K.(2013)”Educational Psychology”Bharti bhawan publishers and Distributers.
Gupta.S.P.(2008) Educational Measurement and Evaluation,Sharda Pustak Bhawan Allahabad.
https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/intellect/<br>
