Environmental assessment (EA) as a tool for integrating cli - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Environmental assessment (EA) as a tool for integrating climate change into decision-making: methodological challenges and main examples of integration for practitioners.

Tchindjang Mesmin, University of Yaoundé IDepartment of Geography

Integrating climate change into the environmental assessment process: what is the situation in Francophone countries?Slide2

Presentation framework

Introductionclimate Change and EIASome planning documentsCase studies:Climate proofingHELIO InternationalGreen SahelRecommendations

ConclusionSlide3

IntroductionClimate change is an unavoidable reality that creates perverse negative impacts: water scarcity, floods, flooding, mud-flows, heat waves, landslides, sea level rise with substantial loss of biodiversity and migration of populations; Then conflicts and health risks.Slide4

IntroductionEnvironmental assessment (EA) thus appears as a tool to integrate climate change into decision-making in three ways:Considerations that CCs may have positive or negative impacts on the proposed project (tourism, agriculture)GHG emission considerations if the project

will contribute to the increase or reduction of GHGs (thermal power plants, port infrastructure, road infrastructure, dam, etc.)Complex projects integrating the two previous cases (health, hydroelectric dam, pipeline, urbanization)Slide5

Climate change and EATheoretically, the EA

practitioner should carry out an in-depth analysis of the CC's range of impacts and determine the level of confidence that may be attributed to the data. Integrating CC considerations into EA can help determining the project's compliance with

GHG measures, including NAPA and government plans on CCIn addition, this integration can help proponents to adopt best practices

that promote and facilitate adaptation to CC impacts, including changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, average temperature

rises, and changes in rainfall patternsSlide6

Climate change and EAIn

the francophone countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the situation of integration of CC into EA processes is rather complex and has many obstacles:Lack of knowledge about CCUncertainty about the local impacts of climate change;The thorny problem of funding available for adaptation in Africa;The fuzzy limit between development and adaptation;Illiteracy, insufficient awareness and capacity building make it difficult to analyze vulnerabilities and adaptation capacitiesThe very inadequate control of EA processes themselves by governments and NGOs in developing countries.Slide7

Climate change features

and events in Cameroon

Severe drought and soil destruction, followed by animal deaths in the Sahel (

Waza

National Park in 2012)

Heat pocket and drying out of millet in the Sahel (

Maroua

, 2012)

Coastal erosion by sea level rising (

Limbe

2012) destruction of infrastructure and buildings (

Idenau

)

At the right: Flood (2008 in Yaoundé) and landslide (2014)Slide8

Some planning documentsMost of the planning

documents use EA approaches namely:Second National Communication on Climate ChangeNAPA: National Adaptation Program of Action,NAPCC: National Adaptation Plan on Climate ChangeNAMA: Nationally Appropriate mitigation actionsREDD +: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationMNV: monitoring, reporting and verificationINDC:

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution These strategic documents are produced and drafted on the basis of a broad vertical and horizontal consultation (Bottom-up and Top-down).Their validation took place after this broad consultation and presentation of the results to all stakeholders (donors, local populations, the public, government, NGOs, CSOs). Slide9

Some planning documentsThe results of the studies from these

documents in Cameroon and most sub-Saharan African countries show:A change in temperature between 0.22 and 0.47 °C or 1.04 ° in three to five decades matches with the observations made by the IPCC for sub-Saharan Africa in the different agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. The average annual temperature in Cameroon increased by 0.7 ° C from 1960 to 2007. This represents an average rate of 0.15 ° C per decade (UNDP, 2008).A decline in rainfall since 1960 of about -2.2% per decade (or -2.9 mm per month), we obtain a decline of 6.69% per decade in the wet coastal zone, 4.7% in the Sahelian zone compared with 1, 36 to 2.58% in the other agro-ecological zones of Cameroon.This decline, however, differs from IPCC predictions of 10-20% reduction in rainfall

during the 20th century in sub-Saharan Africa (Hulme et al., 2001, Malhi and Wright 2004).Slide10

Climate models and projections in AfricaSlide11
Slide12

Case study: Climate

Proofing in agriculture"Climate Proofing for Development" is a methodological approach that has been designed to better integrate the impacts of climate change into development plans at national, sectoral and local levels; Then at the project level; ,Climate Proofing for Development aim at raising awareness of the challenges and opportunities of climate change, as well as more effective and resilient measuresSlide13

Case study 1: Climate

Proofing in agricultureClimate Proofing for Development (CPDev) is a tool developed by the GIZ, mandated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and applied in agriculture and energy in several developing countries, including: Vietnam, Morocco, Mali, Togo, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Benin, Senegal, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, etc.Slide14

Case study 1: Climate

Proofing in agricultureThe CPDev tool can be used in several cases of figures National levelThe CPDev provides an opportunity to analyze the vulnerability to the CC of a cross-sectoral policy program, development plans and budget at the national level and reorient it if necessary, to ensure the success of the program. This could be achieved by integrating, and combining, for example, the

CPDev approach in Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) when implemented in the country;Sectoral levelThis level concerns sectoral policies, strategies and physical investment programs. In this case, the investment planning horizon is relevant and Climate Proofing can also be integrated into SEAs as it was the case in Mali.Slide15

Case study 1: Climate

Proofing in agricultureLocal LevelAt the level of some municipalities exposed to CC risks, taking into account CCs is often problematic. Officials are sensitive to the effects of CC but do not have an appropriate tool to integrate them into their planning and action. The CPDev can be a useful tool if it is adapted to the local context of the municipal

as well as land use plans. The integration of climate change into local planning is particularly important for three reasonsClimate change influences the local economy and the environment,Climate vulnerability and adaptation are determined at the local level, andThe options for action are often better identified at the local level. This has been applied in Mali and Vietnam

Project Level Different basic infrastructure projects, agriculture, industry, tourism are confronted with CC risk. The application of CPDev to these projects could limit this risk. For example, in the Philippines, the application of Climate Proofing to

flood control project allowed participants to find that some areas were at risk of an increased risk of flooding.In the case of a project, CPDev is generally applied in 4 steps:Slide16

Étude de cas 1: Climate Proofing

en Agriculture et autresSlide17

Case study 1: Climate

Proofing in agricultureCPDev is a multi-user tool: public authorities, national and international organizations, donors, NGOs, associations uses EIA tools such as checks lists for screeningSlide18

Case study 1: Climate

Proofing in agricultureSlide19

Case study 1

: Climate Proofing and CC Project screeningSlide20

Case study 2:

Climate Proofing and energy (HELIO INTERNATIONAL)

After analyzing energy problems in 10 sub-Saharan African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, DR Congo, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda) in four main areas (hydro, biomass, wind and solar) , HELIO concludes that most of these sub-Saharan African countries are directly affected by changes in rainfall patterns and temperature levels.HELIO International (2009) categorizes adaptation measures into infrastructure / technical and behavioral / social responses.Technical adaptation attempts to make infrastructure less vulnerable to long-term changes in meteorological variables and extreme events.Behavioral adjustment

adjusts the functioning of existing and new infrastructure and the establishment of new infrastructure to minimize damage.Slide21

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Key Finding:High use (64-90%) of firewood and coal for domestic purposes like cooking in the Sahelian environmentAnarchic collection and pressure on the resourcePoor agricultural practices (bush fire) and overgrazingLoss of biodiversitySlide22

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Main Achievements:Environmental audit and public awarenessDistribution of improved stoves to the populationCreation of plants nurseriesRecruitment of youth among the local population for surpervisionSuccessful afforestation practices (68-75%) in municipalitiesAlso afforestation practices in schools (Bédji Bédji in the Bogo

townships)Granting of micro credit and agricultural equipment for growing vegetablesPopulation capacity building in the Manufacture of Improved stovesSlide23

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Main Results:Soil protection and restorationFight against wind, water erosion and floods,Fighting against Bush fire and DesertificationEmployment of local youth and the fight against rural exodusAfforestation success rate (68-75%) in municipalities and return of wildlifeEffective involvement of pupils and young people in combating CCRegreening the SahelIntroduction of Alternative Energy and Low Energy Cooking MethodsSlide24

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Above

the sites of reforestation, one

can

see the re-greening Below, nursery, afforested

public school yard and the teacher (green) with students dressed in blue

uniform

and UNDP

evaluators

,Slide25

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Above

: agriculture and

organic

gardening

with

okra,

eggplant

and

vegetables

in the Sahel

Below

:

lettuce

and

tomato

then

well

used

to water the plants in the dry

seaso

nSlide26

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Improved

stoves using coal

burning with reduced consumption

Technique for making improved stoves with local material (mud) or clayAluminium improved stoves distributed by the Ministry of the EnvironmentSlide27

Case study 3: Green Sahel -Cameroon

Biogas

capture technique explained above and put into practice below

GIZ Awareness Sheet for Reducing Wood Consumption

and afforestation through the PRODEBALT Project in the Cameroonian SahelSlide28

RecommendationsMore resilient ecological agriculture with efficient and integrated agro-pastoral systems for food security.Better protection of ecosystems and conservation of biodiversity as well as resilient

landscapesThe fight against desertificationMore resilient and smart investments (not only in ecosystem services)A current assessment for new energy systems (solar, biogas, etc.)An investment in ecosystem services supporting existing and planned energy productionThe diversification of energy sources and their production with the best technologiesParticipatory energy governance that enables people and beneficiaries to take ownership.Slide29

ConclusionClimate change leads to the loss of biodiversity, the threat on food security and health problems

The integration of EA tools and Climate Proofing into planning is a palpable fact in the various French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa countries The lack of CC laws is compensated by the setting up of CC National Observatories,Slide30

End of the

presentation

Thanks

for

your

Kind

attention