It could be said that photography was not invented but that it evolved over time The word Photography was first used in 1839 It was coined by Sir John Herschel It comes from the Greek words ID: 374258
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Slide1Slide2
History of Photography
It could be said that photography was not “invented”…
but that it evolved over time. Slide3
The word “Photography” was first used in 1839. It was coined by Sir John Herschel. It comes from the Greek words “
phos
” meaning
LIGHT
and “
graphein
” which mean
TO WRITE
.Slide4
The pinhole camera or the
CAMERA OBSCUREA
(Dark Chamber) can be traced back to the Greeks and Chinese as early as the 4
th
centuries.
Artist used the CAMERA OBSCUREA to create more accurate drawings/paintings.Slide5
In the 1500s many artists, including Michelangelo and Leonardo
da
Vinci, used the "
camera
obscura
" to help them draw pictures. A person or object would be outside the dark room and their image was reflected on a piece of paper and the artist would trace it.Slide6
The camera
obscura
was made portable by the 1700s by putting it in a box with a
pinhole
on one side and a glass screen on the other. Light coming through this pinhole projected
an image onto the glass screen, where the artist could easily trace it by hand. Artists soon discovered that they could obtain an even sharper image by using a
small lens in place of the pinhole.
Slide7
In 1727 a German professor, Johann Heinrich Schulze, observed that
silver salts
darkened when exposed to light. But the idea of making pictures using this information did not occur to him. That invention required the talents of a later generation of scientists.Slide8
The birth of photography happened in 1826 when a French scientist,
Joseph
Nicephore
Niepce
, put a metal plate coated with bitumen (a tarlike material) in a camera
obscura
. The Bitumen would harden when exposed to light. The unhardened material was washed away making a negative image which was then printed using ink. His first photograph was latter destroyed. His earliest remaining photograph
he did by placing his camera
obscura
facing his house for
eight hours
. Slide9Slide10
DAGUERREOTYPE
Made by
Louis Daguerre
in 1835
The first practical photographic process
The Process
Highly polished silver-plated copper sheet exposed to iodine vapor.
The Latent image would appear by heating the sheet with hot mercury fumes. (Latent Image means you can’t see the image until it is developed)
Remaining light-sensitive particles were removed “fixed” with a hot salt solution.Slide11
Pros of the Process
Greater sensitivity to light
Shorter exposure times 3-15 min
Clearer images
Cons of the Process
Very expensive
Complicated
Images would oxidize in the air, must be kept in a sealed case.Slide12
Still Life in Studio 1837 DaguerreSlide13
Robert Cornelius, self-portrait, Oct. or Nov. 1839, approximate quarter plate daguerreotype. The back reads, "The first light picture ever taken." This self-portrait is the first photographic portrait image of a human ever producedSlide14
PortraitureSlide15
People had to sit for
6 to 10 minutes
for an exposure to be made.
Bright Sun
Head clampSlide16
One sitter recalled the ordeal:
"(He sat) for eight minutes, with strong sunlight shining on his face and tears trickling down his cheeks while...the operator promenaded the room with watch in hand, calling out the time every five seconds, until the fountains of his eyes were dry."Slide17
CALOTYPE & TALBOTYPE
William Fox Talbot
of England. 1835
The Process
Paper coated with silver chloride.
The paper negative was waxed to make it translucent.
Another sheet of sensitized paper was placed under the waxed negative and exposed with a bright light.
When the right density was reached, the paper was fixed, washed, and dried.
Duplicate prints could be made.Slide18
Talbot’s process of making a positive print from a negative is the basis of modern photography.
Pros
Could make multiple prints from a negative
Cons
The prints were not as good as the daguerreotypes.
The lower quality was caused by the grain or texture of the paper negative. This defect was transmitted to the print.Slide19
Window in the South Gallery of
Lacock
Abbey made from the oldest photographic negative in existence
Henry Fox Talbot 1835Slide20
WET PLATE/WET COLLODION
Invented by Frederick Scott Archer, and English sculptor in 1851.
The Process.
Glass coated with light-sensitive sliver salts (
Collodion
was a plastic-like substance containing potassium iodide)
When the
collodion
had dried to a “tacky” state, a bath in silver nitrate sensitized it to light.
The wet plate was loaded into the camera and exposed immediately.
Exposed plates also had to be developed, fixed, and washed immediately.If the
colodion
dried before the sequence was completed, it became water-resistant and could not be developed.Slide21
Pros
Created a more stable and detailed negative (Unlimited Prints).
Could record fine detail and register slight differences in tone (Sharper).
Cons
Had to be developed quickly before the emulsion dried. Could only do one exposure at a time, then immediately develop.
In the field this meant having taking a portable darkroom everywhere with you.Slide22
This photograph shows a typical field setup of the Civil War era. The wagon carried chemicals, glass plates, and negatives - the buggy used as a field darkroom.Slide23
An old deteriorated wet plate featuring
Theodore RooseveltSlide24
Glass Negatives: the
Collodion
Wet Plate
State Archives of FloridaSlide25
A portable photography studio in 19th century Ireland. Slide26
DRY PLATE PROCESS
1871 Richard L. Maddox, a British physician
The Process
Replace the “wet”
collodion
coat with a thin coating of gelatin and silver nitrate.
The gelatin/nitrate was
dryed
and retained its sensitivity to light for some time.Slide27
DRY PLATE PROCESS
In 1879, the dry plate was invented, a glass negative plate with a dried gelatin emulsion.
Dry plates could be stored for a period of time. Photographers no longer needed portable darkrooms and could now hire technicians to develop their photographs. Dry processes absorbed light quickly and so rapidly that the hand-held camera was now possible.Slide28
Pros
The plate taken could be developed anytime after exposure.
The cumbersome, portable darkroom was no longer needed.
This advancement make the commercial manufacture of photographic plates possible.
Cons
Still big and bulky.
Still not available to the average person.Slide29
Example of a Dry Plate Photograph
Leonard Dakin 1887Slide30Slide31
In 1888 George Eastman introduced a 100-shot box camera (
The Kodak Brownie
).
The camera and film were returned to Eastman for processing.
The camera and the new prints were then returned. The camera was also reloaded, ready to take another
100 prints
.
Eastman launched the sale of the camera with the slogan, “You press the button, we do the rest.”
Eastman also introduced his trademark name Kodak.
Kodak
was a word that Eastman came up with. It started and ended with his favorite letter K.Slide32
In 1889, Eastman replaced the paper backing with a clear, flexible, celluloid
film
.
Prints were easier to make because the gelatin did not have to be stripped from the backing to make the print.Slide33
Mr. Eastman wanted everybody to be able to take photographs. He worked hard to develop a camera that everybody could afford to buy. He did it in 1900. It was the Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera. It cost $1.00. Now everyone could take photographs, not just
professional photographers.Slide34
Photograph taken with a Brownie camera. Notice how the photograph is round, just like the opening in the camera.
The Brownie
The Kodak Brownie was the first
one time user
camera (kind of like a disposable camera today).Slide35Slide36
Color Photographs
People had tried to make color photographs since 1860. It wasn't until 1906 that a film sensitive to all colors called "panchromatic film" was produced. You had to take three separate negatives and then use a special viewer so you could see all three slides
layed
on top of each other.
The first color plates were invented in 1907 by
Auguste
and
Louis
Lumiere
. They named it
Autochrome
. The colors appeared in delicate pastel.
Slide37
The Magic Lantern - Lantern SlideSlide38Slide39
Birth of “motion” pictures
Leland Stanford unwittingly started a chain of events that contributed to the development of
motion pictures
. To settle a wager regarding the position of a trotting horse's legs, he sent for
Eadweard
Muybridge, a British photographer who had recently been acclaimed for his photographs of Yosemite.Slide40
Although Muybridge initially considered the task impossible, he made history when he arranged 12 cameras alongside a race track. Each was fitted with a shutter working at a speed he claimed to be "less than the two-thousandth part of a second." Strings attached to electric switches were stretched across the track; the horse, rushing past, breasted the strings and broke them, one after the other; the shutters were released by an electromagnetic control, and a series of negatives made.Slide41Slide42
Though the photographs were hardly more than silhouettes, they clearly showed that the feet of the horse were all off the ground at one phase of the gallop. Moreover, to the surprise of the world, the feet were bunched together under the belly. None of the horses photographed showed the "hobbyhorse attitude" - front legs stretched forward and hind legs backward -so traditional in painting. The photos were widely published in America and Europe.Slide43
The
Scientific American
printed eighteen drawings from Muybridge's photographs on the first page of its October 19, 1878 issue. Readers were invited to paste the pictures on strips and to view them in the popular toy known as the zoetrope, a precursor of motion pictures. It was an open drum with slits in its side, mounted horizontally on a spindle so it could be twirled. Drawings showing successive phases of action placed inside the drum and viewed through the slits were seen one after the other, so quickly that the images merged in the mind to produce the illusion of motion.Slide44
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gifSlide45
The flashbulb was invented in the 1930.
Polaroid instant photographs in 1947 by Edwin Land
1986 Fuji introduced the disposable camera
1984 Canon demonstrated the first digital electronic still cameraSlide46Slide47
Digital Photography
How it came to beSlide48
A step towards Digital
Television plays a part in the development of digital photography.
In
1952
the first video tape recorders were used to record TV programs. Before this, most television was either live, or was a broadcast movie.Slide49
With video tape an image was recorded, not as an image in itself, but as a coded signal (Electrical Impulses “Digital”) onto magnetic tape.
Later that coded tape was run through a decoding machine (I.E. a video tape player) and the machine converted the coded signal back into pictures.Slide50
Why is video tape so important?
It is the start of recording an image in as a coded signalSlide51
Find an old cinema reel and you’ll see the different frames with an actual image on them.
Find an old cassette tape and you’ll see nothing. It needs to be decoded for you first.Slide52
Developed Film and you see an image.
Memory card, you can’t see the image. It needs to be decoded first.Slide53
The Scanner
1957
A scanner doesn't actually take pictures, but they do copy an image already created.
Why this is important/The new technology.
Scanners can pick up the different intensities of light and shade in a pictures as save them as a binary, i.e. digital signal.Slide54
What does space have to do with digital photography?Slide55
Sputnik
1957
Jump-started the US into doing everything they could to compete, on every level they could think of.Slide56
What do satellites do?
They “spy on the enemy”.
Take pictures of earth and space.Slide57
Satellites could have a camera
Cameras could spy on the enemy
No Film developers in space
Must send film back to Earth somehow, or no picturesSlide58
Digital Cameras were the answerer
Record photographs and “beam” the digital signal back to Earth.
The signal was then decoded and the images could be viewed.Slide59
Charge-Coupled Device CCD
In
1969
George Smith and Willard Boyle experimented with computer memory chips at Bell Labs.
They developed the first CCD.
CCD: A sensitive integrated circuit for storing image signals based on the color spectrum.Slide60
Color on a Computer
Computers began implementing digital technology in the late 1970.
Images began using tiny cells of tone and color called…Pixels.
Pixel is a computer term that is short for the words “picture elements” and describes the thousands to millions of individual dots of light that produce digital imagesSlide61
The resolution of an image is determined by pixel density-the grater the density of pixels, the more memory the images required to process.
So as computers evolved to process greater amounts of information, so too did image resolution increase.
Modern digital cameras use designations such as dynamic range and megapixel to describe the maximum resolution the camera can record images at.Slide62
1973
Steven
Sasson
working for Kodak used a CCD to produce an digital image
Camera weighed
8 Pounds
.1
MegapixelSlide63
Sony’s
Mavica
1981
Magnetic Video Cam
Recorded analog images on two-inch floppy disks and played them back on a TV set or Video monitor.
The
Mavica
was not a digital camera, but a still analog version of video cameras of the time.
.
3 Megapixel
, not good enough to printCould use more then one floppy disk 1MB 25 photosSlide64
1987 DCS
Kodak scientists first megapixel sensor
Professional Digital Camera System (DCS) 1.3 megapixel sensorSlide65
Apple: digital camera into homes
Before 1994 digital cameras were only used by professional photographers and others who worked with the print and media industry.
In 1994 Apple brought digital cameras into the lives of consumers for their use.
Introduced a color digital cameras 640x480pixel CCD and fixed focus 50mm lens, called Quick Take 100
Great step, but had drawbacks.
Only could story 8 images.
Quality mediocre.Slide66
Olympus
Memory Cards
1-6 minutes to download
Ricoh
1995 first camera to take moving images with sound recording and still images
Movies could only be 10 seconds longSlide67
1995
Kodak introduced a digital camera that took
low resolution
images and was quite expensive at
$995Slide68
1998
Sony
Cybershot
Laser Technology to record JPEG on small plastic discs
Fuji
SmartMedia
: memory cards credit card sizedSlide69
1999
First Internet Photography site to allow people to load photos directly from a digital camera to a website.
Nikon first introduced cameras with 2 megapixel ability for consumersSlide70
2002
Foveon
new image sensor. Can record different colors on each individual
photosite
. Before it could only do one color.Slide71Slide72
Digital catches up to Film
2003
Canon Rebel: First affordable digital SLR
6.3
Megapixels
Interchangeable Lens
2004 Nikon D70Slide73
Quality keeps going up, and prices go down.
It is hard now to find a 3 megapixel camera, even in a Phone.Slide74
It could be said that photography was not “invented”…
but that it evolved over time. Slide75
Photography will continue to evolve…
What do you think will be the next step?