Period 6 The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic political diplomatic social environmental and cultural changes ID: 529330
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Slide1
Industry Comes of Age (1865-1900)Slide2
Period 6
The transformation of the United States from an
agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized
society brought about significant economic, political,
diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.Slide3
Key Concept 6.2
The emergence of an industrial culture in the
United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions
on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
II. As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west,
U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement of
American Indians to reservations, and assimilationist policies reduced the
number of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity.
(PEO-4) (ENV-5) (POL-6)Slide4
Iron Colt Becomes Iron Horse
“best men” leaving politics
Growth of railroad from 1865-1900
Cong. Granted RRs land- more than TX
¡
Sold much of it ($3/acre)
¡
RR could make or break a town
¡
¡
3x as much land given by Fed Gov’t to Railroads as was given to HomesteadersSlide5Slide6
Spanning the Continent With Rails
Transcontinental RR started in 1862-
¡
Union Pacific RR- west- land & loans
¡
Central Pacific RR- east- mountains
¡
Big Four (Stanford)
Lines together in Utah- 1869- Golden Spike
¡
Tied Atlantic to PacificSlide7
Binding the Continent w/ RR Ties
4 more transcont. RRs by 1893
RRs could be boom or bust
¡
James J. Hill – Great Northern
-Empire Builder - no public money,
few land grants
¡
Many RRs went bustSlide8
RR Consolidation and Mechanization
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
¡
NY
¡
Bought up “trunk lines”- created “pools”
¢
Trunk Lines – major route between large cities
¡
Replaced iron w/steel tracks
Standardized gauge
Westinghouse air brakes
Pullman Palace CarsSlide9
Revolution By RRs
Biggest factor of industrialization & growth of cities
Immigration
¡
RRs enticed immigrants w/ cheap land & free transport to it
Impact on the land
Time zones
Made millionairesSlide10Slide11
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Stockwatering- inflating the prices of stocks
Little care for public good (Vanderbilts)
Placed their people in high govt. offices
Kickbacks
Unfair freight chargesSlide12Slide13
William Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Cyrus West Field, Russell SageSlide14
Gov’t Bridles the Iron Horse
Americans torn on how to control RR giants
¡
Mistreating people, but did govt. have right to control them?
¡
Panic of 1873- Grange & Granger Laws
Munn v Illinois (1877) - Congress May Regulate RRs
¡
Wabash Case- 1886 - States cannot regulate
interstate
commerce
¡
Cong. & Cleveland passed Interstate Commerce Act in 1887: NO
¢Slide15
Gov’t Bridles the Iron Horse
Rebates or kickbacks
¢
Pools
¢
Unfair freight charges
¢
*created Interstate Commerce Commission
¡
Interstate Commerce Act helped stabilize the RR industrySlide16
Miracles of Mechanization
Turn of century- US biggest in industry
¡
Civil War
¡
Natural resources
¡
Immigration (labor)
¡
Ingenuity
¢
Cash register, stock ticker, typewriter, telephone
¢Thomas Edison- Menlo Park, NJ- *lightbulb*Slide17Slide18
The Trust Titan Emerges
J.P. Morgan- banking
Andrew Carnegie- steel
¡
Vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller- oil (Standard Oil)
¡
Horizontal integration
¡
Trust, interlocking directoratesSlide19Slide20
Supremacy of Steel
Transformed America- construction, capital goods, stronger
Bessemer Process, coal, iron ore, laborSlide21
Carnegie and other Sultans of Steel
Scottish immigrant- quickly moved up the ladder
Partnership of steel producers- $40 mil.
J.P. Morgan bought him out in 1900- US Steel
¡
1
st
billion dollar corp.
Carnegie’s philanthropySlide22
Rockefeller grows and American Beauty Rose
Oil in PA- 1859- Kerosene
Ker. Replaced by electric lights- 1885
Internal combustion engine- gasoline
John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Company- 1872
¡
Trust
¡
Believed he was going by natural economic law
¡
Produced high quality low priced oilSlide23
Gospel of Wealth
Robber barons vs. philanthropists
¡
“godliness is in league with riches”
¡
Rockefeller- God gave me my money
Rev. Russell Conwell - “Acres of Diamonds”
¡
Carnegie- those entrusted with society’s riches have to prove themselves morally responsible
Slide24
“Social Darwinists”- survival of the fittest
Contempt for poor- their own making
14
th
amend- courts ruled corporations as people- used against laborSlide25
Gov’t Tackles the Trusts
Sherman Antitrust Act- 1890
¡
No distinction b/t good & bad trust
¡
No means of enforcement, lots of loopholes
¡
Used against labor
¡
SC of the period almost always favored businessSlide26
South in the Age of Industry
Sharecropping
Cigarette-making machine
¡
James Buchanan Duke- Trinity College- Durham
Slide27
Idea of “New South”- Henry Grady
Atlanta Constitution - Confed.
funeral story
¡
RRs cost too much
¡
Textile mills in south
¢
Cheap labor
¢
Family work for wages
¢
Bound to company townSlide28
Impact of the New Industrial Revolution
S
tandard of living increase
Growth of cities, decline of agriculture (Jefferson)
Life by the whistle
Horatio Alger Myth - self made men were rareSlide29
MOST married women worked to help support families
¡
“Gibson Girls”
Class disparity- wealth, unemployment
American products around the worldSlide30
Strength in Unions
Value of labor
¡
Corporations
¡
Machines
¡
Immigrants
Ways to fight labor
¡
Scabs
¡Lockouts
¡
Yellow dog contracts
¡
Blacklists
¡
Company towns
Middle-class mainly unconcerned with the poorSlide31
Ailing Labor Movement
After Civil War
National Labor Union- 1866
¡
Depression of 1870s ended it
-broad social program
Knights of Labor- 1869 (secret)Slide32
Knights involved in “communist” activities
¡
Involved skilled & unskilled laborSlide33
American Federation of Labor
1886- Samuel Gompers
¡
Group of national unions of skilled craftsmen
¡
Wanted more for labor- hours, wages, conditions
¡
Believed in “closed shop trade agreements”
¡
Used walkouts and boycottsSlide34
Railroad Strike of 1877 (Great Strike)
o
Workers for Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B & O) struck to protest 2
nd
wage cut in 2 months. (WVa)
o
Many freight and some passenger trains stopped for over a week
o
More than half of freight on nation’s 75,000 miles of track stalledSlide35
o
National Guard called in
o
Rutherford B. Hayes had to send in Federal troops to break strike as it spread to other cities.
o
Many people sympathetic to the men on strike.
o
When the RR strikes of 1877 were over, >100 people dead
n
100,000 had gone on strikeSlide36Slide37
Haymarket Riot (1886)
o
C
rowd of 3,000 gathered in Chicago on May 4 to protest police brutality at the McCormick Harvester Works
o
Storm clouds came and crowd dwindled
o
180 policemen showed up and ordered the crowd to disperse
n
Speaker said meeting was almost overSlide38Slide39
o
B
omb exploded in midst of policemen (66 wounded – 7 later died)
o
Police fired on crowd, killing several, wounding 200
o
No evidence of who threw bomb
o
Police arrested 8 anarchist leaders in ChicagoSlide40
o
8 anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death
o
Public outcry
Also discredited labor movement in the U.S
-Gov. John Altgeld - pardonsSlide41
Homestead Strike - 1892
o
Workers at Carnegie Steel plant at Homestead, Pa. went on strike
o
Carnegie away in Europe
n
Henry Clay Frick managed plant
o
Reduced workers’ wages and fortified the plant
labor movement in steel industry set back
until New DealSlide42
Pullman Strike - 1894
o
Strike against the Pullman Company by workers, protesting the tight control Pullman had over his employees by setting rent and prices in stores, etc.
o
American Railway Union
o
Eugene Debs got involved.
jailed,
In re Debs
o
Police, militia, and troops broke strike.Slide43
Views on Industrialization
Matthew Josephson - tycoons were Robber Barons
Gutman/Montgomery - focus on labor’s struggle for control of workplaceSlide44
-Thernstrom - 1960s - not big gains, but lots of small gains
-James Henretta - different groups defined success differently
-Michael Katz - social mobility overrated
-Howard Zinn - leftist