Motives - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Motives

Abdul-Monaf Al-Jadiry,

M.D.; FRCPsych

Professor of PsychiatrySlide2

Motives

Motivation

is a theoretical construct used to

explain

 behavior.

It represents the

reasons

for people's actions, desires, and needs.

Motivation

can also be defined as one's

direction to behavior

, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa.Slide3

Motives

A motive

is what

prompts

the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior

Motivation

is defined as

the desire and action

towards goal-directed behavior.

It is an important concept in psychology as well as in

health, business

, schools, and other areas.

Slide4

Motivation

Motivation involves the

biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces

that activate behavior.

The term

motivation

 i

s frequently used to describe 

”

why

 a person does something”.

Motives are the

"whys"

of behavior - the needs or wants that drive behavior and explain what we do.

We don't actually observe a motive; rather, we infer that one exists based on the behavior we observe

.Slide5

Components of Motivation

Having the desire to accomplish something is not enough.

Achieving such a goal requires the ability to 

persist

through obstacles and

endurance

to keep going in spite of difficulties.

Three major components to motivation:

activation,

Persistence

intensity.

Slide6

Components of Motivation

Activation

involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a clinical class.

Persistence

 is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. E.g. taking more clinical courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy and resources.

Intensity

can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. E.g., one student might coast by without much effort, while another student will study regularly, participate in discussions and take advantage of research opportunities outside of class. Slide7

Approach

Motivation versus

A

voidance Motivation

Approach motivation

can be defined as when a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment is rewarded or resulting in a positive/desirable outcome.

Avoidance

motivation

can be defined as when a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment is punished or resulting in a negative/undesirable outcome.

Avoidance motivations

tend to be more powerful than approach motivations.

Because

people expect losses to have more powerful emotional consequences than equal-size gains, they will take more risks to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain.Slide8

Motives

Motivation

can be intrinsic or extrinsic:

Intrinsic Motivation

: A person is intrinsically motivated if the desire for change comes from within the individual. The person may want to learn something because he or she is

interested

. Another person may want to accomplish a goal or task because it is something he or she feels

competent at and enjoys

doing.

Extrinsic Motivation

:

  motivation comes from outside the person. They are bribed to do something or they earn a prize or reward. Examples Paychecks and Fear of punishment and coercion.Slide9

Motives

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

motivation

can differ in how effective they are at driving behavior.

Offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation, a phenomenon known as the

“

over justification

effect”

.

Extrinsic motivation

can be beneficial in some situations,

external

rewards can induce interest and participation

in something in which the individual had no initial interest.Slide10

Motives

Extrinsic

rewards

can be used to motivate people to acquire

new skills

 or knowledge.

Once these early skills have been learned, people may then become

more intrinsically motivated

to pursue the activity.

External rewards

can also be a

source of feedback

, allowing people to know when their performance has achieved a standard deserving

reinforcement

.Slide11

Motives

Extrinsic motivators

 should be avoided in situations where the individual already finds the activity intrinsically rewarding. Offering a reward might make a "play" activity seem more like "work“

Unexpected external rewards

typically do not decrease intrinsic motivation. 

Praise

can help increase internal motivation.

Intrinsic motivation

will decrease, however, when external rewards are given for completing a particular task or only doing minimal work. Slide12

Motives

In learning settings

extrinsic

and intrinsic motivation 

can also play a significant role in learning settings.

Some experts

argue

that the traditional emphasis on external rewards such as grades, report cards, and gold stars

undermines

any existing intrinsic motivation that students might have.

Others suggest that these extrinsic motivators help students feel more competent in the classroom, thus

enhancing

intrinsic motivation.Slide13

Theories of motivation

A number of theories of motivation have been proposed including: 

Drive theory

Instinct theory

Psychoanalytic theory

Arousal theory

Incentive theory

Humanistic theory Slide14

Drive theory of motivation

Drives

pertain to

the most basic physiological needs of man such as hunger, thirst, sex, and self-preservation. 

Many

of our behaviors such as eating, drinking and sleeping are motivated by

biology

.

We

have a biological need for food, water and sleep, therefore we are motivated to eat, drink and sleep.

Drive theory

 suggests that people have basic biological drives and that our behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill these drives.Slide15

Instinct theory of motivation

Instinct

is a fixed and inborn pattern of behavior.

The instinct theory of motivation suggests that behaviors are motivated by

instincts.

Psychologists have proposed a number of

basic human instincts

that motivate behavior. Such instincts might include

biological instincts

that are important for an organisms survival such as fear, cleanliness and love.Slide16

Psychoanalytic theory of motivation

According to

Freud

,

humans have only two basic drives:

“Eros

(or Life meaning survival) and Thanatos (or death meaning aggression)

drives

. 

According to Psychoanalytic theory, everything we do, every thought we have, and every emotion we experience has one of two goals: to help us

survive

or to

prevent our destruction

. 

Freud believed that the vast majority of our knowledge about these drives is buried in the

unconscious

part of the mind.Slide17

Psychoanalytic theory of motivation

Examples

:

We go to school because it will help

assure our survival

in terms of improved finances, more money for healthcare, or even an improved ability to find a spouse. 

We move to better school districts to

improve our children’s ability to survive

and continue our family tree.  

We

demand safety

in our cars, toys, and in our homes. 

We want criminal locked away, and we want to be

protected against poisons, terrorists, and any thing else

that could lead to our destruction.  Slide18

Arousal theory of motivation

The 

arousal theory of motivation

 suggests that people are motivated to engage in behaviors that help them maintain their optimal level of

“

arousal

”

.

A person with

low arousal needs

might pursue

relaxing activities

while those with

high arousal needs

might be motivated to engage

in exciting, thrill-seeking

behaviors.Slide19

Incentive theory of motivation

Sometimes, behavior is

not pushed

by a need, it is

pulled

by a desire.  

Incentives

are stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning. 

We learn to associate some stimuli with

rewards

and others with

punishment

, and we are motivated to seek the rewards. 

Example,  you may learn that studying with friends is fun but does not produce the desired results around test time, so you are motivated to study alone to get the reward of a good test score.Slide20

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow

believed all people had an innate desire or drive to become

“

self-actualized”

.

People met their needs according to a particular order or hierarchy.

He organized these needs into a triangle he called

“the hierarchy of needs”.

Basic needs (food, water, and shelter) fulfilled before other needs such as esteem and belonging could be met.Slide21

Humanistic theory of motivation Slide22

Thank You