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Counseling Theories Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes Counseling Theories Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes

Counseling Theories Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - PowerPoint Presentation

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Counseling Theories Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - PPT Presentation

Overview Counseling Theories PersonCentered Therapy Carl Rogers RationalEmotive Behavior Therapy Albert EllisCognitiveBehavioral Therapy Reality Therapy William Glasser Personality Theories ID: 693552

theories people learning irrational people theories irrational learning behavior idea learn life ego person thoughts consequences beliefs client therapist

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Slide1

Counseling Theories

Dr. Dawn-Elise SnipesSlide2

Overview

Counseling

Theories

Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (Albert

Ellis)/Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Reality Therapy (William

Glasser

)

Personality Theories

Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)

Individual

Psychology (Alfred Adler

)

Erik

Erikson

Learning

Theories

Classical Conditioning

Operant Learning (Stimulus-Response Theory

)

Social Learning Slide3

Purpose

By understanding the origins of distress, we are better able to deal with distress.

Counseling Theories assert that problems stem from ineffective relationships or thoughts in adulthood.

Personality Theories speculate that distress stems from more innate, long standing problems often starting in childhood

Learning Theories emphasize the fact that distress and behavior is learned from exposure to rewards and punishmentsSlide4

Theories: Person Centered

Humans are good and forward moving unless they are blocked

Blockages often occur from a lack of unconditional positive regard which leads to low self esteem and low self efficacy

By creating a nurturing, positive environment, people will naturally move in the right direction.Slide5

Theories: Person Centered

6 necessary conditions

required

for change:

Therapist-Client Psychological Contact:

a relationship between client and therapist in which each person's perception of the other is important

must exist

.

Client incongruence, or Vulnerability:

incongruence

exists between the client's experience and

awareness causing vulnerability/anxiety increasing motivation.

Therapist Congruence, or

Genuineness

Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR

)

Therapist Empathic

understanding

Client

Perception

of the

therapist's UPR and empathic understanding. Slide6

Theories: REBT/CBT

Focuses

on changing the current

evaluations and/or reactions

Distress is caused by a combination of the event and the person’s perception of the event

By using the A-B-Cs, people can evaluate their beliefs and reactions (consequences) to events.Slide7

A-B-C

A= Activating Event

B= Beliefs/assumptions about/interpretations of an event

C= Consequences

D= Dispute irrational beliefs

What is the evidence for my beliefs?

What are other possible explanations for what happened?

E= Evaluate reactions/consequences for effectiveness

What are the implications of my believing this way, and do they make it worth holding on to my beliefs?

How useful are my beliefs? Do I or others get any benefits from holding on to them, or would we benefit more if we held other beliefs?Slide8

CBT/REBT: Irrational Thoughts

Irrational Idea 1

- It is a dire necessity

to

be loved or approved by almost everyone for virtually everything he or she does.

Irrational Idea 2

- One should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects.

Irrational Idea 3

- Certain people are

bad or wicked, and

should be severely blamed and

punished.

Irrational Idea 4

- It is terrible, horrible, and catastrophic when things are not going the way one would like them to go.

Irrational Idea 5

-

Happiness

is externally caused and people have little or no ability to

control their emotions.Slide9

Irrational Thoughts cont…

Irrational Idea 6

- If something is dangerous or fearsome, one should dwell on it

Irrational Idea 7

- It is easier to avoid facing many life difficulties and self-responsibilities than to undertake more rewarding forms of self-discipline.

Irrational Idea 8

- The past is all-important and because something once strongly affected one’s life, it should indefinitely do so.

Irrational Idea 9

- People and things should be different, and it is catastrophic if things do not immediately change.

Irrational Idea 10

-

Maximum human happiness can be achieved by inertia and inaction or by passively "enjoying oneself." Slide10

CBT/REBT: Irrational Thoughts

Emotional

perfectionism:

I should always feel happy, confident, and in control of my

emotions.

Performance

perfectionism:

I must never

fail/make

a

mistake.

Perceived

perfectionism:

People will not love and accept me as a flawed and vulnerable human

being.

Fear

of disapproval or criticism:

I need everybody’s

approval

Fear

of rejection:

If I’m not loved, then life is not worth

living.

Fear

of being alone:

If I’m alone, then I’m

miserable

Fear

of failure:

My

worth depends

on my achievements

Conflict

phobia:

People who love each other shouldn’t

fight.

Emotophobia

:

I should not feel angry, anxious,

jealous

etc.

Entitlement

:

People should always be

how I expectSlide11

CBT/REBT: Irrational Thoughts

all

or nothing

thinking

overgeneralization

mental

filter –

dwell

on the

bad

and let it discolor

everything

discount

the

positives

jumping

to

conclusions/overgeneralization

magnification

emotional

reasoning

–we FEEL bad so

we believe we

are

shoulds

labeling

– we label ourselves

negatively instead

of trying to learn from the situation or thinking about the best way to overcome

it

blame – we

hold

other people responsible for our pain or

blame

ourselves entirely for every

problem

mind reading

catastrophizing

- we expect disaster.

personalizing - we think that everything people do or say is some kind of reaction to

usSlide12

CBT/REBT: Irrational Thoughts

Control Fallacy

-

If

you feel externally controlled, you see yourself as a totally helpless victim of fate. C

onversely

,

it can hold

you responsible for the pain and happiness of everyone around you

.

Fallacy of Fairness

–Life is not fair.

Fallacy of Change

-

You

expect that other people will change to suit you if you just pressure or cajole them enough.

Fallacy of Being Right

-

Being

wrong is unthinkable, and you will go to any length to demonstrate your rightness.

Heaven's Reward Fallacy

-

You

expect all your sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if there were someone keeping score. You feel bitter when the reward does not come. Slide13

Theories: Reality Therapy

Focus on the

present

Avoid

discussing symptoms and

complaints. These

are

the

ineffective ways that counselees choose to deal with

problems.

F

ocus

on what counselees can do directly-act and think.

Spend

less time on what they cannot do

directly:

changing their feelings and physiology.

Avoid

criticizing, blaming and/or

complaining

Remain non-judgmental,

but encourage people

to ask: Is

what I am doing getting me closer to the people I need?

Teach that excuses

stand

in

the way of

making

needed connections. Slide14

Reality Therapy cont…

Focus on specifics. Who are counselees are disconnected from

Help them make specific, workable plans to reconnect with the people they need. Follow through on what was planned by helping them evaluate their progress.

Be patient and supportive but keep focusing on the source of the problem, disconnectedness. Slide15

Personality Theories: Psychoanalysis

The

conscious mind

is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies,

feelings

Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the

preconscious

, what we might today call "available

memory

.

The largest part by far is the

unconscious

. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at

themthe

unconscious is the source of our motivationsSlide16

Psychoanalysis cont…

The id, the ego, and the

superego

The id

(instinct)works with

the

pleasure

principle

to

take care of needs

immediately

The ego

helps the person searches

for objects to satisfy the

id’s wishes

as the ego struggles to keep the id

happy

, it meets with obstacles in the world. I

t

keeps a record of

consequences.

This record of things to avoid and strategies to take becomes the

superego

.

There are two aspects to the superego:

conscience

, which is an internalization of punishments and warnings.

The

other is called the

ego ideal

. It derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. Slide17

Psychoanalysis cont…

The defense mechanisms

W

hen

the

Id/superego conflict

becomes overwhelming, the ego must defend

itself.

The

techniques are called the

ego defense

mechanisms

Denial

Sublimation

Displacement

Humor

Reaction FormationSlide18

Personality Theories: Adler

Striving

for

perfection is

a

single "drive" or motivating force behind all our behavior and

experience

Since we

are not perfect,

our personalities

are accounted

for by the ways in which we do -- or don't -- compensate or overcome

our failures

Adler felt that there were three basic childhood situations that most contribute to a faulty

lifestyle.

Disabilities.

If

someone doesn't come along to draw their attention to others, they will remain

focused

on themselves

.

pampering

. Many children are taught, by the actions of others, that they can take without giving

.

neglect

.

They learn

inferiority because they are told and shown every day that they are of no value; They learn selfishness because they are taught to trust no one. Slide19

Personality Theories: Erickson

We

develop through a predetermined

eight

stages.

Progress

through each stage is

determined

by our

success in

all the previous stages.

Each

stage involves certain developmental

tasks

If

a stage is managed well, we

develop a

certain

virtue

or

strengthSlide20

Erickson’s Stages

hope

- Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Infant stage. Does the child believe its caregivers to be reliable?

will

- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Toddler stage. Child needs to learn

it is safe to

explore the world.

purpose

- Initiative vs. Guilt - Kindergarten - T

he

child

can do

things on his

own.

If "guilty" about making

choices

, the child will not function well.

competence

- Industry vs. Inferiority - Around age 6 to puberty. Child comparing self worth to

others.

fidelity

- Identity vs. Role Confusion - Teenager. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? I

f

the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion.

Slide21

love

(in intimate relationships, work and family) - Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adult. Who do I want to be with or date, what am I going to do with my life? Will I settle down?

caring

-

Generativity

vs. Stagnation - the Mid-life crisis. Measure accomplishments/failures. Am I satisfied or not? The need to assist the younger generation. Stagnation is the feeling of not having done anything to help the next generation.

wisdom

- Ego Integrity vs. Despair - old age. Some handle death well. They reflect on the past, and either conclude at satisfaction or despairSlide22

Learning Theories: Classical

Conditioning

Classical

conditioning involves presentations of a neutral

stimulus

along with a stimulus of some

significance (usually an unconditioned stimulus)

Classical conditioning is most important in helping us understand why seemingly neutral stimuli evoke a response from a clientSlide23

Learning Theories: Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning

is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and

form

of

behavior (Treatment planning)

Reinforcement

is a consequence that

increases a behavior. +/-

Punishment

is a consequence

that decreases a behavior. +/-

Extinction

is the elimination of a behavior by removing the reward.Slide24

Learning Theories: Social Learning

People

learn from one another,

through observational

learning, imitation, and modeling.

People

can

learn by observing

behavior and

the outcomes of those behaviors.

Learning

can occur

without a change

in behavior

.

Cognition,

awareness

and expectations of future

consequences can

have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit

.

Reciprocal causation: T

he

person, the behavior, and the environment can have an influence on each other.Slide25

Social Learning cont…

4

conditions

that are necessary before an individual can

learn

Attention

: the person must first

pay attention

to the

model/situation

Retention:

the observer must

remember

the behavior that has been observed.

Rehearsal:

the third condition is the

ability to replicate

the

behavior.

Motivation

: L

earners

must want

to demonstrate

what they have learned. Slide26

Social Learning cont…

Self Regulation

Set goals and standards

Self-observe

Judge yourself

React, revisit and reinforceSlide27

Implications of

Social Learning Theory

Students

often learn

a lot by

observing

others.

Describing

the consequences of behavior

can

effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones.

Modeling can be used in conjunction with shaping

E

xpose people

to a variety of

other models/behaviors/lifestyles

People

must believe that they are capable

or have a

sense of

self-efficacy.

H

elp

students set realistic

expectations

Teach self-regulation techniquesSlide28

Summary

There are a multitude of theories

Most boil down to clients lacking self confidence or motivation to do the correct behaviors

By helping people identify obstacles to their behaviors or motivation, we can help them improve their quality of life. Slide29

Further Reading

Personality Theories:

http

://

webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/perscontents.html