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2067 HDACs and lymphocyte conversion to muscle mesodermderived cells by C2C12 myotubes Blau et alhuman lymphocytederived nuclei were observed uponheterokaryon formation Fig 2 The volume of hu. ASTR 1420. Lecture. 9. Sections : 4.6, 6.4, 11.3. Mass Extinctions in the Earth History. Mass Extinctions. Check . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction. Overview. Extinctions are as important in the history of life as are the evolution of new species. Explaining extinctions is just as challenging a scientific question as explaining the evolution of new species. Frode Svartdal. . University. of . Tromsø. . Oct. 2013. Extinction: Basics. Extinction is defined in terms of a reinforcement process. Extinction contingencies. The . stimulus. (S. R. or US) is discontinued. (. Pavlovian. & Instrumental). Learning, Psychology 3510. Fall, 2016. Professor Delamater. Extinction: Procedure & Process. The extinction procedure refers to the removal of reward, when it previously occurred.. ASTR 1420. Lecture . 9. Sections : 4.6, 6.4, 11.3. Mass Extinctions in the Earth History. Mass extinction . (a.k.a. extinction event) : is a sharp decrease in the number of species in a relatively short period of time.. Remember. Operant conditioning extinction differs from classical conditioning extinction. During extinction, responding decreases to baseline levels for both classical and operant conditioning. BUT: Operantly conditioned behavior shows:. DARWIN’S UNDERSTANDING VS. PRESENT DAY. How are inheritable traits passed?. How do variations appear?. Today’s understanding of genes, DNA, variation, and mutations is central to our understanding of how evolution works . Outline . Effects of Extinction Procedures. Decreased responding. Increased variability in responding. Extinction of Original Learning. Spontaneous Recovery. Renewal of Original Excitatory Conditioning. Essential Questions. What is extinction?. Which species have become extinct in modern times? . What are the characteristics of past mass extinctions? . How do modern extinction rates compare with natural (background) rates?. Background vs. Mass Extinction. Background extinction. = species gradually and continuously go extinct, creating a turnover of species through time.. Background extinction and mass extinction. 0. 600. Good progress:. Define the term extinction. Explain how extinction may be caused.. Outstanding progress:. Explain that organisms become extinct because something changes and the species cannot adapt quickly enough to the new circumstances.. Behavior. Effects of Extinction Procedures. Response Recovery after Extinction. Enhancing Extinction Performance. “Paradoxical” Reward Effects in Extinction. Extinction Procedures. Classical Conditioning: . Origins of Life on Earth. 4.7-4.8 Billion Year History. Evidence from chemical analysis and measurements of radioactive elements in primitive rocks and fossils. . Life developed over two main phases:. Biodiversity is the number of different species in an area. . Major environmental issue.. Why?. Value of Biodiversity. Economic Value. They can provide food, materials for clothing, medicine, and other products..