Imperialism Chevalier Fall 2011/Winter 2012 - PowerPoint Presentation

1. ImperialismChevalierFall 2011/Winter 2012

2. A Western Dominated WorldWHAT DELINEATES THE WEST?

3. The New Imperialism and its causesImperialism- the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.The “New Imperialism”- A time period of aggressive European expansion in the 1800’s

4. Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’1. Economic interests (needs)- The Ind. Rev. created needs/desires that spurred overseas expansionManufacturers wanted access to natural resources (Indian cotton for example)Hoped for new markets where they could sell their factory goodsColonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population

5. Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’2. Political and Military interests (needs)- merchant ships, naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and suppliesIndustrial powers seized islands and harborsNationalism and prestige- Western leaders claimed colonies were needed for national securityRuling a global empire increased a country’s prestige

6. Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’3. Humanitarian goals- missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread Western civilization. (Medicine, law, and Christianity to the savages)

7. Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’4. Social Darwinism- many Westerners believed in their racial superiority.Held the idea that Europeans were superior to all othersImperial conquest and destruction of weaker nations was nature’s way of improving the human species

8. The Success of Western Imperialism1870-1914- imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Some reasons for their success: (why 1914?)1. Weakness of non-western states-Older civilizations went into declineOttoman Empire in the Middle EastMughal in IndiaQing in China (Ching)In W. Africa, slave trade undermined empires, kingdoms, and city-states

9. Why did Imperialism succeed?2. Western Advantages-Strong economies, well organized governments, powerful militaries, superior technology, medical advancesquinine- medicine used to fight malariaMaxim gun- early machine gun

10. Resistance to ImperialismAfricans/Asians strongly resisted Western expansionMany Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel the imperialists.

11. Criticism of Imperialism at HomeSome argued colonialism was a tool of the richSome said it was immoralGreater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other people

12. Forms of Imperial Rule (3)1. Colonies- Direct rule- officials and soldiers sent to administer colonies (French)Indirect rule- sultans, chiefs, other local leaders were urged to get educated in Britain to become Westernized (Britain)

13. Three Forms of Imperial Rule2. Protectorate- Local rulers left in place but expected to follow advice of European advisors Cheaper than running a colony

14. Three Forms of Imperial Rule3. Spheres of Influence-Areas in which outside powers claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges Europeans created them in ChinaU.S. in Latin America

15. The Partition of AfricaAfrica in the Early 1800’s- sets us up for why and how…North Africa: Muslim and part of the declining Ottoman Empire (Turkey)West Africa: Islam had grown in this region as well

16. The Partition of AfricaThe Asante Kingdom-A strong state that had arisen in the forest regionsTraded with Europeans and MuslimsControlled several small statesThese states worked with Europeans in an attempt to exploit the kingdom’s lack on unity (where have we seen this before?)

17. The Partition of AfricaEast Africa: Muslim, African slaves sent from here to Middle EastSouthern Africa: Shaka(**)-leader of united Zulu nationHis conquests led to migrations and warsIn the 1830’s, the Zulus fought against the Boers (Dutch settlers in the region)

18. The Partition of AfricaThe Slave Trade: by early 1800’s, Europeans had outlawed slave trade, but East African slave trade continued1787- British organized Sierra Leone(Map) in West Africa as a colony for former slaves1847- Liberia(Map) became independent republic (settled by free blacks from US)

19. Sierra Leone and Liberia (Map **)

20. European Contact IncreasesAfrica was known as the ‘dark continent’ because little was known about its interior Difficult to maneuver rivers, disease kept many Europeans from venturing farMalariaQuinineMachine guns

21. European Contact IncreasesMissionaries: tried to spread Christianity, spoke out against slavery- built schools, churches, medical clinicsPaternalistic in nature: saw Africans as children in need of guidancefatherly

22. Dr. David Livingstone (*)Dr. David Livingstone: best known British explorer and missionaryExplored the continent for 30 years, writing about native cultures he’d encountered(modern Marco Polo)Opposed the slave trade1871- journalist Henry Stanley tracked him down in Tanzania (hadn’t been heard from in years (Dr. Livingstone I presume)

23. Dr. David Livingstone (*)

24. A Scramble For ColoniesBelgian King Leopold II(*)- hired Henry Stanley to explore Congo River Basin and arrange trade treaties with African leadersHe hoped for conquest and profitHis activities in the Congo set off a scramble by other European nations

25. King Leopold II (**)

26. A Scramble For ColoniesBerlin Conference: 1884- to avoid bloodshed, European powers met in Germany to decide how to carve up Africa (Spain and Portugal in America)No Africans invitedRecognized Belgium’s claim to the Congo Free State

27. A Scramble For ColoniesCalled for free trade on Congo and Niger RiversEuropean powers couldn’t claim any part of Africa without first setting up a gov’t. office thereWithin 20 years, most of African continent had been partitioned by E. powers.

28. Colonization of Africa in 1914

29. A Scramble For ColoniesHorrors in the Congo: Belgium exploited the people of the Congo (as forced laborers) and its natural resources (copper, rubber, ivory)Laborers were beaten, mutilatedInternational outrage forced King Leopold to turn control of colony over to Belgian government.

30. A Scramble For ColoniesFrench Expansion: 1830’s- France invaded, conquered Algeria (thousands of French and Algerians killed in fighting)Late 1800’s- Tunisia under French control, much of West and Central Africa-French empire the size of continental U.S.

31. Fight for South Africa (**)Britain takes its share: 1815-British took Cape Colony from the Dutch-Boers (Dutch settlers) moved northWhen they found gold and diamonds, British fought them for control of the richesLed to the Boer war (1899-1902)Guerilla warfare

32. Fight For South AfricaThe British won, but at a great cost1910- Britain formed the Union of South Africa- government run by whitesCompleted racial segregation (apartheid) until 1993 (Nelson Mandel became President)

33. ApartheidWhites consisted of less than 25% of the populationApartheid means to separateWhites were Dutch and British

34. Apartheid Ended

35. Africans Resist ImperialismEthiopia Survives: Emperor Menelik II(*)- late 1800’s- reforming ruler who modernized his country BridgesWestern school systemImported latest weaponsHired Europeans to train his army

36. Menelik II- Ethiopia

37. Menelik II1896- Italy invaded Ethiopia-Ethiopians defeated Italian forces at the battle of Adowa (*)Aside from Liberia, Ethiopia was the only African nation to preserve its independence (**)

38. Africa Resists ImperialismNew African Elite: Western educated elite (upper class) emerged- some admired western ways and rejected their own culturesOthers condemned western societies that upheld liberty and equality for whites only

39. Africa Resists ImperialismBy early 1900’s, many African leaders were pursuing independence from European control/rule

40. European Challenges to the Muslim World Stresses in the Muslim WorldThere were various empires in decline that the West was more than happy to gobble up…India, Middle East, IranEuropeans took advantage, forced to sign unfair trade treaties

41. Problems for the Ottoman EmpireOttoman empire on the decline for several reasons… EconomicsNationalismEuropean PressureEfforts to Westernize

42. Armenian Massacre

43. Armenian MassacreMuslim Turks distrusted Christian Armenians, accusing them of supporting Russian plans against the empire.When Armenians protested, the sultan of the empire had tens of thousands slaughtered.Over a million Armenians killed in the Armenian genocide which took place from 1890-1915.Genocide: the deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

44. Hitler and Mussolini

45. Egypt Seeks to ModernizeMuhammed Ali(* and Map)- “father of modern Egypt”- became gov. in 1805- modernized Egypt:Schools, western style military, improved tax collection, new landholding system, large irrigation projects to increase farm outputPut Egypt on the road to Independence

46. Egypt Seeks to ModernizeDies in 1849- didn’t want the Suez Canal built- he thought it would destroy Egypt’s chances of becoming independent

47. The Suez Canal (Map)1859-1869- Ferdinand de Lesseps- French entrepreneur who organized company to build canal- 1875- Egypt couldn’t repay loans for the canalForced to sell interest in canal, Britain took controlA British Protectorate- 1882- Suez became Britain’s lifeline to India

48. Geography of the Suez Canal

49. Suez Canal From Above

50. Suez Canal

51. The British Take Over IndiaThe East India Company and the Sepoy Rebellion:Sphere of Influence at first Exploiting Indian diversity- India fragmented after fall of Mughal EmpireDifferent languages and traditionsBritish took advantage of Indian divisions, encouraged competition and disunity among rival princes

52. India and the East India Trading Co.British Policies: East India Company (a private trading company)Main goal was to make profitAlso improved roads, preserved peace, reduced banditry in IndiaBritish brought their western education, law, Christianity, worked to end slavery and the caste system (Hindu religion)This begins to lead to tension between the parties

53. Causes of DiscontentE. India Co. required Sepoys (Indian soldiers in its service) to serve anywhere, even overseasWhy the big deal?Passed law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry

54. Sepoy Tensions1857- Sepoys told to bite off tip of cartridges before loading rifles- tips greased with animal fatHindus can’t eat beef, Muslims can’t eat porkWhen they refused, they were sent home without payStraw that broke the Camel’s back

55. Rebellion and AftermathSepoy rebellion: sepoys rose up against their British officers, massacred British men, women, childrenRevolt was crushed, vengeance taken; as a result, British gov. took control of E. India Co.French were forced out of India and India became a British Colony (1858)

56. British Colonial RuleAn Unequal partnership-Britain made India the “brightest jewel” in the crownIt modernized India, bringing western tech. and cultureBuilt roads, railroads to transport raw materials(cotton+coal)Brought telegraph for communication

57. An Unequal PartnershipFlooded India with cheap, factory made textiles, ruining India’s prosperous hand-weaving industryFarmers were pushed to grow cash crops (cotton) to sell on the world market (and back to India)

58. Population Growth and FamineMedical improvements, new farming methods, better healthcare, increased food production all led to pop. growth, and with cash crops being produced instead of food, famine resulted.Benefits of British rule: peace/order, legal system, RR’s, telegraph, upper classes sent kids to British schools, landowners got rich from cash crops

59. Indian NationalismIndian National Congress: formed in 1885, professionals and business leaders who wanted greater democracy, and eventual self-ruleNo more BritishMuslim League: formed in 1906- wished for a separate Muslim stateMuslims and Hindus feared a government where the opposing religion ruled.

60. China and the New ImperialismThe Trade Issue: 1700’s- China placed limits on foreign tradersthey enjoyed a favorable balance of trade where exports were greater than importsWesterners had a trade deficit with China- they bought more from China than they sold to them

61. China and the New ImperialismBy the late 1700’s, westerners had a greater interest in China for 2 reasons:1.China entered a period of decline2.The Ind. Rev. created need for expanded markets for European goods

62. The Opium WarBritish sold opium to China in exchange for teaChinese became addicted to opiumStarted trading silver for opiumThis badly hurt the Chinese economyChina outlawed opium; told British to stop tradeBritish refused

63. Opium War1839- British ships attacked Chinese ships and ports- easily defeated1842- Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)- China had to pay for war losses, give Hong Kong to Britain (trade port), open 5 ports to foreign trade, give Britain extraterritoryiality in China (right to live under British laws, tried in their own courts)

64. Internal ProblemsTaiping Rebellion (1850-64)Peasants rebelled against the Qing (ching)dynasty for 4 reasons:1.irrigation/canals poorly maintained2.massive flooding of rich farmlands3.pop. Explosion4.corrupt governmentGovernment finally crushed rebellion (led by Hong Xiuquan (*)(she-shan)) 20-30 million chinese killed

65. Taiping RebellionLeaders of the rebellion promised:Equality for men and womenLand reformCommunity ownership of property

66. Reform EffortsThe “self-strengthening” movement- Chinese reformers imported western technology, tried to modernizeCiXi (*) (see-chee)- empress from 1862-1908- a conservative leader- gave little support to movement, blocked effort to modernize

67. War With JapanWar with Japan: (1894) war broke out (Japanese imperialists wanted control of part of China)- Japan won, took island of Taiwan from China.Spheres of Influence: by the late 1890’s, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan had carved up China

68. Hundred Days of Reform1898- Guang Xu (shoe)- young emperor- launched reform to modernize nationConservatives had him imprisonedCi Xi (see-chee) regained the throne

69. The Qing Dynasty FallsBoxer Uprising: 1899-1900- Righteous Harmonious Fists were a rebel group who wanted to expel the “foreign devils” from ChinaThe western powers and Japan organized a military force to crush the Boxers

70. Boxer UprisingAftermath: Chinese conservatives began to support modernizationEducationExpanded economy and industry

71. Three Principles of the PeopleSun Yixian (*) (yee-shee-on)- father of modern China1.Nationalism-free China from foreign control2.Democracy-representative gov’t3.livelihood-economic security for all Chinese

72. Birth of a Republic1911- Qing (ching) dynasty toppled, Sun Yixian named president of new Chinese RepublicChina at war with itself/fighting off foreign invasion for the next 37 years

73. Japan ModernizesDiscontent in Tokugawa Japan – since 1600s, Japan maintained policy of isolationismFeudal societyNo foreignersJapanese couldn’t travel overseasMilitary leaders (shoguns) no longer strong leaders

74. Discontent in JapanDaimyo (nobles) suffered economic hardship (no foreign trade), peasants paid high taxes, merchants at bottom of social ladderSamurai were no longer fighters but bureaucrats- discontent all over JapanLoss of tradition: something had to change

75. Opening up JapanExternal pressure and internal revolt- 1853- U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry(*) sailed into Tokyo Bay, demanded that Japan trade with U.S.Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854- shogun agreed to open 2 Japanese ports to U.S. ships, but not for tradeUS soon won trading rights, Euros followedForced to sign the treaty (no match for US)

76. Meiji Restoration1868-1912-means ‘enlightened rule’Japanese gov’t reformers wanted to strengthen JapanBegan to study western ways, learned how to compete with westerners1871-reformers traveled overseas to learn about western gov’ts, economic technology, customs

77. Meiji RestorationExperts from western nations came to JapanSamurai sent to study abroadAll done in the name of MODERNIZATION

78. Reforms under the MeijiGovt.- Japan adopted the German model: emperor would rule with a two-house legislature (diet)Voting rights limitedSet up dept’s of finance, army, navy, educationUsed western tech. to strengthen army

79. Reforms Under the MeijiEconomic reforms: Japan’s business class adopted western methodsSet up banking system, railroadsPorts, telegraph, postal systemGovt built factories and sold them to families (Kawasaki family)who became even wealthier1890-Japan an industrial powerhouse

80. Growing Military Strength1894- military gaining powerConflicts between Japan and China led to Sino-Japanese War-gained Taiwan again, gained access to Chinese ports

81. Russo-Japanese War1904-1905:Russia and Japan fought over Manchuria (region in N. China rich in resources)Japan won, gained control of Korea and parts of Manchuria1st time in history an Asian military power had defeated a Euro nation

82. Japan Rules KoreaRuled Korea for 35 years- Japan colonized, modernized Korea, exploited the land and its people

83. Southeast Asia and the PacificEuropeans colonize Southeast Asia:Why colonize SE AsiaRaw materials, new markets, and Christian convertsDutch-1600’s- Dutch East India Company gained control of Spice Islands, then the rest of Indonesia

84. Europeans Lay Claim to SE AsiaBritish: early 1800’s-clashed with rulers of Burma (Myanmar)1886-Burma and Malaya, Singapore become British colonies

85. Europeans Lay Claim to SE AsiaFrench: early 1800’s-French missionaries won converts in area that is modern-day VietnamArea had long been influenced by Confucian traditionsVietnamese tried to suppress Christianity by killing converts and missionary priestsFrench eventually controlled vietnam

86. Thailand SurvivesSiam Survives:Modern-day Thailand-Chulalongkorn-Siamese leader who modernized his army, reformed the gov’t., hired western experts to train Thais in new tech., abolished slaveryBritain and France saw Siam as a buffer between their colonies, guaranteed Siam its independence in early 1900s

87. Imperial Powers in the PacificSamoa- late 1800s- island archipelago became a triple protectorate of US, Germany, and BritainHawaii- 1893- Queen Liliukalani(*) was overthrown by American sugar growers- they asked US to annex Hawaii, which it did in 1898

88. US and PhilippinesSpain had ruled Philippines as a colony since the 1500s1898-Spanish-American War-US destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines- Filipinos expected to gain independence (Cuba)In treaty with Spain, US took Philippines

89. A Promise Upended1899-1901: Emilio Aguinaldo(*)- Filipino rebel who fought against USAmerican crushed the rebellionUS modernized the Philippineseducation,HealthcareEconomic reform, DamsRoads, RR

90. A Promise UpendedUS promised self-rule in the futureIndependence came in 1946