Medical Imaging By Anuja - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Medical Imaging

By

Anuja

Kulkarni

1000722132Slide2

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CAT - Computed Axial Tomography

CT - Computed Tomography

DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

EEG - Electroencephalography

EKG - Electrocardiography

fMRI

- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

JFIF- JPEG File Interchange Format

JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group

JPIP- JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol

MEG -

Magnetoencephalography

MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NMR- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

PNG- Portable Network Graphics

RF- Radio Frequency

SSIM- Structural SimilaritySlide3

IntroductionMedical imaging as the name suggests is the technique and process used to create images of parts and functions of human body for clinical purposes.

It is a medical procedure seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease. [1]

There are two types of medical imaging, they are-

Invisible light medical imaging- radiology /clinical imaging

Visible light medical imaging- involves digital video or still pictures that can be seen without special equipment.Slide4

Imaging Technologies

Radiology: [2]

Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging; projection radiography and fluoroscopy.

Figure 1: Digital RadiographySlide5

Magnetic Resonance imaging and fiduciary markers

A magnetic resonance imaging instrument, uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. [3]

Fiduciary Markers

Fiduciary markers are used in a wide range of medical imaging applications. Images of the same subject produced with two different imaging systems may be correlated by placing a fiduciary marker in the area imaged by both systems. [4]

Figure 3:

Fiducial

Marker Example

Figure 2:

fMRI

scanSlide6

Photo-acoustic imaging and tomography

Photo acoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photo acoustic effect. [5]

Tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object resulting in a tomogram. [5]

Figure 4: Computed tomography of brainSlide7

Creation of three-dimensional images

Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician

. [6]

To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician.

Other proposed or developed techniques include:

Diffuse optical tomography

Elastography

Electrical impedance tomography

Optoacoustic

imaging

OphthalmologySlide8

Compression of medical images

JPEG 2000 is the state-of-the-art image compression DICOM standard for storage and transmission of medical images. [7]

Figure 5: Comparison of JPEG2000 with

JPEG [8]Slide9

Compression of medical images

JPIP

 (JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol) is a compression streamlining protocol that works with JPEG 2000 to produce an image using the least bandwidth required.

[9]

JPIP has the capacity to download only the requested part of a picture, saving bandwidth, computer processing on both ends, and time.

[10]Slide10

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF JPEG 2000 [11]

Figure 6: Block diagram of JPEG Encoder/decoder [11]Slide11

Non-diagnostic imaging (Neuroimaging)

Neuroimaging

 has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people to control outside devices, acting as a brain computer interface. [

12]

Neuroimaging

falls into two broad categories:

Structural imaging

Functional imaging which is used to

diagnose

metabolic diseases and lesions on a finer scale (such as 

Alzheimer

's disease)

Figure 7: 3D MRI section of the head

[

13]Slide12

Proposed workThis project introduces the concept of medical imaging and divulges into its technologies like MRI, tomography, ultrasound etc. It will also compare the compression techniques of medical imaging i.e. JPEG2000 and JPIP on the basis of their bit rates, SSIM index

[

14

],

and complexity.

This project proposes to demonstrate creation of 3D images of CT/MRI scan from a normal 2D image. It also shows some circumstances of

neuroimaging

i.e

non-diagnostic medical imaging as in Figure 6.Slide13

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging

L.F.Squire

and

R.A.Novelline

Squire's fundamentals of radiology

 (5th ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-83339-2  1997; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FMRI.jpg

M.

Xu

and L.H. Wang ; "

Photoacoustic

imaging in biomedicine". 

Review of Scientific Instruments

77

 (4): 041101. doi:10.1063/1.2195024; 2006

G.T.Herman

, “Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection” , 2nd edition, Springer, 2009

S.Richard

., and C.

Cobbold

, 

Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound

, Oxford University press pp. 422–423. 978-0-19-516831-0

A. Yamani; A novel pulse-echo technique for medical three dimensional imaging; IEEE trans med imaging; Volume 16 Issue 6 Pages 938-942; Dec 1997

A.Khademi

and

S.Krishnan

; Comparison of JPEG 2000 and other lossless compression schemes; Paper in Engineering in medicine and biology society (IEEE EMBS);

2005Slide14

References

8.

http

://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPEG_JFIF_and_2000_Comparison.png(Figure 5)

9.

eeweb.poly.edu

/~

yao

/EE3414/JPEG.pdf (figure

6)

10

.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPEG_JFIF_and_2000_Comparison.png (Figure 6)

11

. Microsoft

and NASA Bring Mars Down to Earth Through the

WorldWide

Telescope (07.12.10) - NASA

12.

A.G.Filler

, “The history, development, and impact of computed imaging in neurological diagnosis and neurosurgery: CT, MRI, DTI: Nature Proceeding DOI: 10.1038/npre.2009.3267.5.Neurosurgical Focus (in press); 2009

13

. http

://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging (

Figure7

)/ Picture reference:

sbharris

on

wikipedia

14

.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_similaritySlide15