Warm-Up What were some things that the US did to raise money for the war effort during - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Warm-Up What were some things that the US did to raise money for the war effort during WWI?

2. The “war to end all wars” ends

3. 1917: Russia signs the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with Germany and are now out of the war. Russia gave up large territories of land to Germany - Finland, Poland, Ukraine, and the Baltic States.Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies in November of 1917.Germany becomes demoralized by 1918Anti-war protests production down to 53% of what it was in 1913 & hurts the militaryKaiser Wilhelm is forced to leave the throne. A new government (Weimar Republic) is formed on November 9th and starts to move towards proposing a ceasefire.Germany signs a ceasefire agreement with the allies: 11/11/18 – Armistice Day.How World War I Comes to an End?

4. War Deaths by Country

5. Results of the WarAfter 4 years of fighting front lines remain stationary. Very high casualty rates.British885,138 soldiers killed, 1,663,435 soldiers woundedFrench1,397,800 soldiers killed, 4,266,000 soldiers woundedItaly651,010 soldiers killed, 953,886 soldiers woundedUnited States116,708 soldiers killed, 205,690 soldiers woundedGermany2,050897 soldiers killed, 4,247,143 soldiers woundedOverall Soldier Casualties8 million killed, 21 million wounded, 3.6 million missing in action (presumed dead); numbers varyGRAND TOTAL: most estimates end around 37 MILLION PEOPLE (soldier and civilian) killed, wounded, or missingPopulation of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina today: Between 16 and 18 million.

6. BackgroundFighting ends on November 11, 1918 with signing of an armistice (A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement between opponents, a truce).Allies gather at Versailles in January to begin peace negotiations.Central Powers not invitedNegotiations took 6 months.

7. The Big FourBIG FOURDavid Lloyd George of BritainVittorio Orlando of ItalyGeorges Clemenceau of FranceWoodrow Wilson of the United StatesWho was there?

8. Conflicting InterestsDavid Lloyd GeorgeSupports reparations from GermanySupports naval blockade of German portsSupports secret treatiesWants to maintain the British EmpireWants to make sure Germany becomes a major trade partner with Britain

9. Georges ClemenceauSought revenge against GermanyWanted to permanently cripple the military and economyWanted to reduce size of German militaryBan pre-war politicians from seeking officeSought to blockade ports in order to control tradeWanted control of factories and resources in Ruhr Valley.Wanted the Germans to pay for all damages during the war

10. Woodrow WilsonSought to end secret treatiesWanted to create a “League of Nations.”Wanted all nations to reduce sizes of military“self-determination”People of same nationality should be allowed to govern themselves.Sought to eliminate the problem of nationalism

11. Wilson’s Fourteen PointsA plan drawn up by W.Wilson that included 14 specific strategies for ending the war and making peace. Was very lenient on conquered countries. Wanted to establish a League of Nations to oversee and enforce the terms of surrender.1. It would be an international organization with the purpose of preserving peace throughout the world. 2. Every nation would have an equal vote.3. Every nation in the world would be a member, and each nation would have an equal vote. 4. Any controversy within the League would be turned over to the Central Council: France, Britain, Italy, Japan, the U.S., and five small nations.

12. Wilson’s Fourteen PointsParis Peace Conference(Versailles, 1919)“Peace without Victory”1234514No secret treatiesFreedom of the seasFree tradeReduction of military armsEnd colonization/imperialismLeague of NationsG Britain/France want heavyreparations for GermanyNoNoNoNoNoEstablished (Wilson would not compromise on this)

13. Brief video

14. 6 months later…Treaty of Versailles eventually agreed upon by alliesVery harsh terms against GermanyForced to accept sole responsibility for the entire war.Forced to pay reparations to alliesEstimated at around $33 billion in modern currencyAlso paid for with coal, steel, and agricultural products to avoid hyperinflationGerman Emperor Wilhelm II accused of war crimes along with many other officials

15. Treaty of Versailles Wilson would negotiate the treaty in Paris without much input from the new majority Republican Congress. France and Britain would not approve most of Wilson’s 14 Points. They felt that they were too lenient. The League of Nations was approved to enforce the terms of the surrender. It was signed in Paris, France on June 28, 1919 officially ending WWI. The U.S. Congress did not approve of the treaty or the League of Nations, so they refused to sign it. Why? Because they felt that it did not benefit the U.S. 1. A group of thirty-nine Republican senators led by Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the League of Nations, citing several flaws in its structure.- Reservationists (Lodge) - willing to pass the treaty if changes are made.- Irreconcilables - no treaty, no way!2. The Senators believed that the U.S. should remain “isolationist” after the war.

16. 3. In March of 1920, the Senate defeated the vote for approval of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Reasons Why? - Upset with Wilson for not including them in making the treaty. - Fear of involvement on war without Congressional declaration of war. - Fear of foreign control of military decision-making. - Questioned using “War to prevent War.” - The refusal of Wilson to compromise on Article X (ten) - it made members promise to protect each other’s territorial integrity against aggressors. Congressmen did not want to be pulled into foreign conflicts.Results of the Treaty of VersaillesA. Germany had to pay back $33 Billion in war reparations.B. Germany had to break up all Alliances with other countries.C. Germany had to admit to a “Guilt Clause.”D. Created a League of Nations.E. Italy gained very little, refused to sign a treaty. F. Germany establishes a Republican form of government.

17. The Ottoman Empire under League of Nations mandatesMany new states created, supposedly based on nationality.Placed under the protection of European nations until they were ready for independenceSyria under French controlIraq and Palestine under British controlNew nation of Turkey created.

18. German Territorial RestrictionsLoses 13% of it’s territory.Results in the loss of almost 20% of coalfieldsMany placed under the direct control of FranceLoses half of its iron and steel industryLoses all overseas colonies in Africa and AsiaAnnexation of other countries prohibited.

19. German Military RestrictionsRestricted to 100000 menManufacturing, importing, and exporting weapons prohibited.Tanks, artillery, poison gas, military aircraft, and submarines prohibited.The creation of an air force prohibitedNavy limited to 15000 sailors, 6 battleships, and no submarines

20. Consequences for the rest of EuropeGermans are shocked that they lost -- German propaganda made Germans prior to surrender feel like victory was nearGermans resent provisions of treaty.Leads to inflation and debt in Germany, eventually contributes to Great Depression.Many new nations created, or old nations freed due to Wilson’s “self-determination” provisions in the treaty.Austro-Hungarian Empire broken upLeague of Nations createdResponsible for the administration of many territories through a system of mandatesTerritories governed by nations belonging to League of NationsFor instance, France and BritainMandates to be given independence when local government ready for independence (will not be enforced)

21. British reactions to treatyBritain gained some German colonies and the German navy was destroyed but:Lloyd George thought the treaty was too harsh, saying: "We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time.“The British diplomat Harold Nicolson called it: "neither just nor wise" and the people who made it: "stupid".The economist John Maynard Keynes prophesied that reparations would ruin the economy of Europe.

22. French reactions to treatyFrance got Alsace-Lorraine, German colonies, harsh reparations and a tiny German army but:Many French people wanted an independent, not a demilitarized, Rhineland.Most French people did not think the League of Nations would protect them against Germany.

23. American reaction to Versailles TreatyWoodrow Wilson got the League of Nations, and new nation-states were set up in Eastern Europe but:Wilson thought the treaty was far too harsh.Self-determination proved impossible to implement -Example: Yugoslavia did not survive as a united country, and Czechoslovakia was annexed in stages by the Nazis in 1938 and 1939.Many Americans did not want to get involved in Europe, and in 1920 the American Senate refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, or join the League of Nations.

24. America’s Response to the Treaty of Versailles“Irreconcilables”“Reservationists”Small group of senators who believed the US should not get involved in world politicsLarge group of senators who opposed treaty & wanted changes(Henry Cabot Lodge)Wilson & Senate cannot reach a compromiseTreaty of Versailles fails in the Senate…US does not join the League of Nations (effect?)

25. 9 New Nations Created:Nations formed out of Russian LandsFinland 2. Estonia 3. Latvia 4. Lithuania 5. PolandNations formed from Austria-Hungary1. Czechoslovakia 2. Yugoslavia 3. Austria-Hungary split From GermanyLost all conquered territoriesGave Alsace-Lorraine back to France.Map Changes In Europe

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27. Recap video… if time permits

28. QuestionsWhat were the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles with regard to German Territory?What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles with regard to the German military?How would the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany’s ability to pay reparations, and meet its treaty obligations?