American Imperialism and World War I - PowerPoint Presentation

1. American Imperialism and World War IFrom Isolationism to InternationalismVUS.9

2. American ExpansionismAmerica wanted to expand its size throughout the 19th Century toward the Pacific OceanMany leaders in the US felt America should become more imperialisticEuropean Powers had been creating empires for centuriesCarving up Asia and AfricaUsing economic wealth of empires to fuel ImperialismImperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

3. Factors that Fueled US ImperialismDesire for military strengthAmerican leaders wanted to build up military strengthUS between 1883-1890 built 9 steel-hulled cruisersTransformed country into world’s 3rd largest naval powerThirst for new marketsAdvances in technology enabled factories to produce moreForeign trade was the solution to over-productionBelief in cultural superiorityCultural factors were used to justify imperialismAmericans complete the philosophy of Social DarwinismUS had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world

4. Making America “Whole”Final American Land Acquisitions

5. Seward’s Folly, 1868William H. Seward, Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson acquired Alaska for $7.2 million from RussiaFor about 2 cents per acre America acquired a land rich in timber, minerals (gold), and oilOften called “Seward’s Icebox” or Seward’s Folly” because people thought it was silly to buy the territoryIn 1959, Alaska became 49th State

6. HawaiiHawaiian Islands were economically important to USSince 1790s merchants had stopped on their way to China and East India 1820s, US missionaries founded Christian schools and churches on the islandsTheir children and grandchildren became sugar planters & sold their crop to the USAmerican sugar planters accounted for 75% of the islands’ wealthWhite planters profited from close ties with the US

7. Hawaiian Sugar1875: US agrees to import Hawaiian sugar duty-freeOver next 15 years sugar production increased nine timesMcKinley Tariff of 1890 brought an end to duty-free sugarHawaiian sugar planters now faced competition in the American marketAmerican planters now wanted Hawaii to be annexedUS military and economic leaders knew the value of Hawaii1891: Last Monarch of Hawaii overthrownU.S. Marines helped overthrow Queen LiliuokalaniUS wouldn’t consider annexation unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it

8. Annexation of Hawaii 1897, William McKinley will agree to the annexation of HawaiiAugust 12, 1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii a US territoryHawaiians were never given the choice to be annexed1959, Hawaii became the 50th state

9. The Spanish American WarAmerica joins the World Stage as a major player in International Affairs

10. US Interest in SpainSpain lost most of its colonies by the end of the 19th centurySpain’s coloniesPhilippinesGuamCubaPuerto RicoAmerica had an interest in Cuba because it is 90 miles south of Florida1854: Diplomats recommended the purchase of Cuba to President Franklin PierceSpain’s response was they would rather “sink it into the ocean” then sell to the US

11. Cuba Rebels Against Spain1868-1878Cubans rebelled against SpainAmericans were sympatheticCuban revolt was not successful1886, Cuban people forced Spain to abolish slaveryAmerican’s begin investing millions in large sugar cane plantations on the island1895: Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York, launched a second revolution

12. Cuba Rebels Against SpainMarti organized Cuban resistance using guerilla warfare and destroyed American owned sugar operationsPublic opinion was split in the USBusiness people wanted the government to support Spain (protect business interests)Other wanted to support the rebel cause Newspapers exaggerated accounts of brutalityYellow journalism: sensational style of writing that exaggerates news to lure and enrage readerHearst and Pulitzer fanned war feverHearst supposedly replied “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

13. William McKinleyMcKinley elected to office in 1897Wanted to avoid war with SpainTried diplomatic means to resolve the crisis and at first efforts seemed to workPrivate letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Spanish minister to the US, criticized PresidentCalled McKinley “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” Spanish government was embarrassed and apologized, the minister resignedAmericans were angered by the insult

14. The U.S.S. Maine1898: McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect Americans propertyFebruary 15, 1898, the ship exploded in Havana harbor killing more than 260 menNot really known why the ship explodedAmerican newspapers claimed the Spanish had blown up the shipHearst offered a $50,000 reward for the capture of the Spaniards who blew up the ship

15. The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

16. War with Spain Erupts in the Pacific“Remember the Maine; to Hell with Spain” became the rallying cry for US intervention in CubaApril 20, 1898, Congress declared warSpanish believed the US would invade CubaUS chose to fight in the Philippines firstApril 30/May 1, 1898 US forces steamed into the harbor and began shelling Manila Bay, destroying the city in seven hours Victory allowed US troops to land in the PhilippinesBy August Spanish forces succumbed to combined US/Filipino forces and surrendered

17. The War in the CaribbeanBegan with the blockade of CubaUS able to show superiority of its naval forcesJune 1898: American forces land in CubaRough Riders volunteer cavalry under the command of Theodore RooseveltJuly 1, Rough Riders and 2 African- American regiments charge up Kettle Hill (San Juan Hill)Victory cleared the way for further infantry attacksJuly 3: Spanish fleet tries to escape but a naval battle occurs and US destroys Spanish fleetJuly 25: America invades Puerto RicoAugust 12: Spain signs Armistice and surrenders officially in December

18. Rough Riders

19. Treaty of ParisActual fighting lasted only 16 weeksDecember 10: Meeting in Paris to agree on a treatySpain turned over Cuba, Guam and Puerto RicoUS bought the Philippines for $20 millionTreaty caused a huge debate in CongressFebruary 6, 1899, annexation question settled, and Senate approved the Treaty

20. Platt Amendment1900: Cuba writes new constitution but did not specify relationship between the US and Cuba1901: US insisted on the “Platt Amendment”Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence or permit a foreign power to take control of any part of its territoryUS reserved the right to intervene in CubaCuba was not to go into debtUS could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations1903: Platt Amendment was ratified and remained in effect for 31 yearsCuba became a US “protectorate”

21. The Philippines RebelThe Filipino people were angry because the Treaty of Paris called for the annexation of the PhilippinesEmilio Aguinaldo believed the US had promised independenceThe Filipinos vowed to fight terms of the treatyThe Philippine-American War lasted 3 years, took 20,000 Filipino lives, 4,000 American lives and cost $400 million

22. The United States as a World PowerEvents that Launch the US into the 20th Century

23. Foreign Influence in China and “Open Door” PolicyChina was a potential market for American productsFrance, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia had established settlements along the coastCarved “spheres of influence” where each nation claimed special rights and economic privilegesUS feared not being allowed to trade in China 1899 issued policy of the “Open Door” Letters addressed to leaders of imperialist nations proposed the nations share trading rights in ChinaNo single nation would have a monopoly on trade and had to obey Chinese lawsOther powers reluctantly accepted the policy

24. Protecting American Rights AbroadOpen Door Policy’s Three deeply held beliefsAmericans believed that the growth of the US economy depended on exportsUS had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets openUS feared that the closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened US survivalBeliefs became bedrock of American foreign policy1900: William McKinley elected to second termReelection confirmed that a majority of Americans favored these policies

25. Teddy Roosevelt and the WorldBecame president in 1901 with the assassination of William McKinleyDid not want European powers to control the world’s political and economic destiny1905, mediated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan earning the Nobel Peace Prize

26. Roosevelt will flex American’s military might by sending the US Navy on a two year world “tour”Demonstrated that the US was now a world power and showed goodwill to other nationsPained all the ships white as a symbol of peaceThe Great White Fleet 1907-1909

27. Building a Canal…Our WayUS needed a canal cutting across Central America Would reduce travel time for commercial and military ships1901 US gained exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America2 possible routes (1) Nicaragua and (2) Panama (a province of Colombia)1903: US bought an unfinished French land claim for $40 millionUS asked Colombia for permission to finish building the canal but negotiations broke downUS “encouraged” a rebellion and Panama declared its independence with the presence of 12 US warships

28. The Panama CanalUS would pay Panama $10 million plus an annual rentCanal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering featsBuilders fought diseases, and soft volcanic soil1904: work began on the canal with the clearing of brush and draining of swamps1913: height of construction 43,400 workers ¾ were blacks from the British West Indies5,600 workers died from accidents or diseaseTotal cost to U.S. ~ $380 millionAugust 15, 1914: Panama canal open for business1,000 merchant ships passed through the 1st year

29. Panama Canal

30. The Roosevelt CorollaryLate 19th century Latin American nations borrowing huge sums of money from European banksUS feared if they defaulted that Europeans would interveneRoosevelt wanted US to be the dominant power in the Caribbean and Central America“Speak softly and carry a big stick”December 1904: Roosevelt Corollary was added to the Monroe DoctrineWarned that disorder in Latin American might “force the United States…to the exercise of an international police power”US would use force to protects its economic interest in Latin America against Europe

31. Other Examples of Diplomacyin Latin AmericaDollar DiplomacyUnited States exercised police power on several occasions1911: Nicaragua rebellion left the country bankruptTaft arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua (and later any LA Country) the money to pay its debtsTaft administration followed the policy of allowing the US government to guarantee involvement if unrest threatened US business interests in a countryMissionary Diplomacy1913: Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral toneUS had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests

32. Mexico and Pancho VillaRuins of Columbus, NM after being burned by VillaSeveral Pro-American Military Dictators had ruled Mexico for last 30 years (1880 - ~1910)Encouraged American business investments Americans and other foreigners owned most of Mexico’s oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranchesA new Dictator took power in 1915 Rebels under Francisco “Pancho” Villa opposed new government and asked for US supportVilla, a fierce nationalist, courted the US for support and aidAfter Wilson recognized this “illegal” government, Villa threatened retaliation against the US1916: Eventually invaded US Territory and killed 17 Americans after hijacking a trainAmericans wanted revenge against Villa

33. The End in SightPresident Woodrow Wilson ordered General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing and 15,000 US soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or aliveVilla eluded Pershing for almost a yearMexico demand U.S. withdrawal of troopsBoth sides back down U.S. because of the war in EuropeFebruary 1917, Pershing ordered to return home1917, Mexico adopted a new constitution which gave government control over oil and mineral resources and put strict regulations on foreign investorsThis democratic constitution marked the end of civil war and the beginning of reform

34. Summation of American ImperialismUS intervention showed America’s imperialistic attitude in the early 20th centuryUS pursued and achieved several foreign policy goalsExpanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure continued growth of the domestic economyU.S. built a modern navy to protect its interests abroadU.S. exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America

35. More ofThe Progressive EraInternal issues being solved in America by Progressive Presidents

36. The Roosevelt Presidency Less than a year after being reelected, President William McKinley assassinated by an anarchist in 1901. VP Teddy Roosevelt assumed the officeBully PulpitRefers to the ability of a president to use his position to influence the nation Roosevelt increased the power of the presidency this wayRoosevelt’s policies known as the “Square Deal” and focused 3 “Cs”

37. 1st C - CorporationsRoosevelt believed in regulating monopolies to prevent abuses against the publicIf the business (or Congress) refused, then Roosevelt used Sherman Anti-Trust act to break up monopolies“Trust Buster”

38. Coal Strike 1902Coal miners went on strikeMine owners shut down the mine & refused to negotiateMine owner: “The miners don’t suffer – why, they can’t even speak English” As winter approached, Roosevelt invited union & management to White House to negotiateWhen owners refused to budge, TR threatened to take over mines & have the army operate them. First time government sided with a union.

39. 2nd C - ConsumersRoosevelt read The Jungle and demanded an investigationResults in Meat Inspection ActLater Pure Food and Drug Act passedCreates FDAPlaced restrictions on makers of food and medicineTruth in labelingThere was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white - it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one - there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.

40. 3rd C - ConservationMany were worried that development would destroy what remained of frontierJohn Muir was a famous preservationist who formed the Sierra ClubOther early conservationists were sport huntersRoosevelt created new National Parks Also appointed conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of Division of ForestryPinchot said conservation movement sought to promote the “greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.”

41. William H. Taft – 27th President Roosevelt’s Secretary of WarHe’s more Conservative than Progressive!Weighed 355 lbs. and is our largest President (Known as “Big Bill”)Election of 1908Persuaded by TR to run for the office; he didn’t want toTR went on an African Safari and left politics

42. Taft’s ProgressivismTried to continue Roosevelt’s policies, but lacked TR’s personalityDetested backroom politics & never felt comfortable in the White House16th & 17th amendments were passed16th – Income Tax17th – Direct Election of SenatorsDisagrees with Roosevelt over trusts and conservationFires Pinchot for insubordination after he criticizes land sales

43. The Results of the 1912 ElectionTR decides to run for 3rd Term – feels betrayed by TaftWhen Republican convention chooses Taft, Roosevelt forms 3rd Party: The “Bull Moose” PartyDemocrats nominate Woodrow WilsonGovernor of NJFormer Princeton History ProfessorLast President born in VAWhat happens when a political party splits?

44. Wilson’s ProgressivismFederal Reserve Act: Created Federal Reserve SystemCentral bank divided into 12 federal branches across U.S. The “Fed” can regulate the money supply to prevent panics or inflationAlso created Federal Trade Commission (FTC)Meant to prevent unfair trade practices (monopolies)Passed the 18th and 19th Amendments18th – Prohibition19th – Women’s suffrage – BEPA!!! BEPA!!!!

45. Limits of ProgressivesProgressivism didn’t extend to African AmericansTR invited Booker T. Washington to White House for dinnerWoodrow Wilson called African Americans “an ignorant and inferior race” Appointed many racists who segregated federal agencies Even though many had been integrated for over 50 yearsPraised Birth of a Nation as historical and accurate

46. World War IThe War to End All Wars

47. Background to World War IWorld War I was called the Great WarLasted from 1914 to 1918Also known as the War to End All WarsThe MAIN causes of World War I are…MILITARISMALLIANCESIMPERIALISM & COMPETITIONNATIONALISTIC FEELINGSDIPLOMATIC FAILURES

48. “The Spark” that Ignites EuropeAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-HungaryJune 28, 1914In Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina)The European “Secret Alliances” split the continent into the two sidesThe United States declares neutrality by Woodrow WilsonIn 1914, Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away1916 Re-elected with the campaign promise “He kept us out of war” Lasted for 3 of the 4 years of war

49. Isolation and Neutrality VS. InvolvementPacifists believed that war was evil and that the US should set an example of peace to the worldMany Americans simply did not want their sons to experience the horrors of warMillions of naturalized citizens followed the war closely because they still had ties to the nations from which they had emigratedThe sympathies increased for both sides as the war continuedHowever, Germany’s behavior towards civilians in Belgium made many Americans side with Britain after 1915 – the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania The song "I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier" was a hit in 1915, selling 650,000 copies.

50. Divided LoyaltiesBritain made use of its navy with a blockade of GermanyGermany responded by saying any British or Allied ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunkSinking of the LusitaniaMay 7, 1915 a U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania off the coast of IrelandOf the 1198 persons lost, 128 were AmericansGermany justified their actions by stating the ship was carrying munitionsAmerican public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers

51. The US Enters the WarGerman unrestricted sub warfareZimmerman Note (Telegram, Telegraph)Germany tried to sway Mexico to declare war on USMexico would receive part of the US territory if they (Germany) won the warAmerican Expeditionary Forces sent to FranceGeneral John J. “Blackjack” PershingTroops known as “Doughboys”The AEF marched into Paris being cheered by crowds

52. Detailed model of typical WWI Trench in the Western FrontMilitary Situation in 1917The Allies discouraged with the Russians leavingAmerican reinforcements bolster Western FrontMarch 1918: The Western Front explodes as Germany reinforced by soldiers leaving the Russian front! (Russia had withdrawn due to an internal revolution)July 1918: The Germans give one last attack, The Second Battle of the Marne, but the Allies prevail. The end of the WarGerman leader Kaiser Wilhelm II flees to the NetherlandsArmistice signed on November 11, 1918 at 11:00AMBack to WWI (Quick Timeline)

53. The Treaty of VersaillesThe Paris Peace Conference

54. The Paris Peace ConferenceWilson first US President to travel to Europe while in OfficeJanuary 191927 nations attendedBig Four:Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)Georges Clemenceau (France)David Lloyd George (Great Britan)Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

55. End of World War IThe Allies won WWI; they draw up treatyBritain and France wanted to “punish” GermanyUS President Wilson brought a peace planThe Fourteen PointsDidn’t want to severely punish GermanyFourteen Points Self-determination (right to set up own government)Freedom of the seasNo secret treatiesA League of NationsThe Treaty of Versailles, signed June 1919Wilson loses support of Treaty at home (USA)

56. Results of Treaty and WWI in USProblems with the TreatyWilson will fight to get US support of treatyUS Senate believes League will cause the US to no longer be sovereignSuffers stroke while campaigning for ratificationUS signs separate treaties to “end” warLeague of Nations weak because of lack of US involvement – results are WWII President Wilson returning home from Europe