Safety of Flight Collision Avoidance - PowerPoint Presentation

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Safety

of

Flight

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Collision Avoidance

Majority of mid-air collisions occur with 5 miles of the airport, during the day, in VFR conditions

Visual scanningUse a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements in 10° sectors70% of time spent outside cockpitIf there is no relative motion between your aircraft and another, you are on a collision courseEmpty field myopiaIn reduced visibility, when looking at a featureless sky, your eyes tend to focus only 10 to 30 feet ahead

PHAK 14-28

AFH 1-4

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Collision Avoidance

In haze, traffic & terrain appear to be farther away than they actually are

Blind SpotsHigh-wing: hard to see aboveLow-wing: hard to see belowMany aircraft: impossible to see behindWatch out when you are in the pattern with a high-wing aircraft, especially at an uncontrolled field

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Collision Avoidance

Airport Ops

Use extra cautionOperation Lights On—use landing light when within 10 milesClearing TurnsPerform at least 180 degree turn doing maneuvers Minimum Safe Altitudes (FAR 91.119)Over a congested area: 1,000 ft above any obstacle within a radius of 2,000 ftOver uncongested areas: 500 ft above the surfaceOver sparsely populated areas or open water

: cannot fly closer than 500 to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure

Anywhere

: altitude must allow an emergency landing, following an engine failure, without undue hazard to persons or property

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Right-of-way Rules

(91.113)

Aircraft in distress has right-of-way over all othersIf approaching head-on both aircraft should give way to the rightAn overtaking aircraft must pass the slower aircraft to the rightWhen converging, the aircraft to the right has the right-of-way

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Right-of-way Rules

FARs state that when aircraft of different categories are converging the right-of-way is as follows:

BalloonGliderAircraft towing or refuelingAirshipAirplane, rotorcraft, powered-parachute, & weight-shiftGeneral rule is the least maneuverable aircraft has the right-of-way

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Taxiing in Wind

Left quartering headwind

Up aileron on left wing & neutral elevatorRight quartering headwindUse up aileron on right wing & neutral elevatorLeft quartering tailwindDown aileron on left wing & down elevatorRight quartering tailwindDown aileron on right wing & down elevator

AFH 2-9

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Other Concerns

Mountain or over water flying require more than your average private pilot training

When there are 2 pilots up front make sure it is clear who is in control of the aircraft

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Airports

Controlled & Uncontrolled airports

Runway LayoutMagnetic direction rounded off to nearest 10°With parallel runways they are labeled as L, R, CEx.—18L, 18C, 18RTraffic PatternsEstablished to ensure smooth & orderly flow of traffic.Normal pattern is with left-hand turns

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Wind Sock

The wind sock aligns itself into the wind because the wind blows through the big end and out the smaller end

The small end points downwind

Wind

PHAK 14-20

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Wind Tee / Tetrahedron

Wind tee aligns with the wind like a weather vane

Tetrahedron will swing and point into the wind

Wind

Wind

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Wind Tee / Tetrahedron

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Segmented Circle

Always select the runway that is closest to taking off and landing directly in to the wind

Many airports will have a wind sock and segmented circle that will indicate direction of traffic pattern

Final

Base

Windsock

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Segmented Circle

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FAA Test

Pic

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Non-towered Airports

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Airports

Approximately 20,000 non-towered airports compared to 500 with FAA control towersAll Towers, Radar Controllers, Right of Way rules and Non-towered Traffic Patterns exist for one reason:

COLLISION

PREVENTION

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Airports

Runways are aligned and labeled with respect to Magnetic NorthThe runway’s magnetic direction is rounded to the nearest 10 degrees with the last zero dropped

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20

25

7

Actual Magnetic

Heading =

254°

N

S

W

E

Heading Ind. Should always match the runway on which you are

landing

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21

25

7

L

R

25

7

L

R

Parallel Runways Will Be Marked As Right and

Left

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Traffic Patterns

Departure Leg / Upwind

X-wind Leg

7

Downwind Leg

Base Leg

25

Final Leg

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Downwind Leg

45°

Normal Pattern Entry

45

° to downwind leg at pattern altitude and

airspeed

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Alternate Traffic Pattern Entry

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Exiting Traffic Pattern

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Climb on the extended Centerline to within 300 feet of your pattern altitude before you make your

turn (typically 700’ AGL)For controlled airports turn at 400 feet AGL Climb Checklist should be completedScan for traffic left and right; make radio callDeparture/upwind Leg

25

Departure Leg / Upwind

7

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Climb to pattern altitude and approx. 1/2 mile from the runway

centerline (Approx. half the runway length)Adjust power settings as necessary to maintain slow cruise speedScan for Downwind traffic and make radio call

7

25

X-wind Leg

X-wind Leg

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Downwind Leg

Perform before landing checklist and most of configuration tasks while on this leg (Gear should be down BY Mid field)

7

25

Downwind Leg

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Be especially vigilant, scanning and listening for traffic entering the pattern on downwind leg. This is where many accidents

occur

Downwind Leg

45°

Downwind Leg

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Downwind

Leg

If traffic is already on downwind, make your downwind leg wider to allow proper

separation

Scan for traffic entering on base; Make radio

call

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Base Leg

Base is flown perpendicular to the runway Normal traffic pattern is approximately 1-1.2nm from threshold45 ° from the point of intended landing start turn to base leg

7

25

Base Leg

45°

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7

25

Base Leg

Base Leg Cont.

On base leg be especially vigilant for traffic on long final or opposite

base

Try to make radio calls while ‘turning the

corners’

But always aviate, navigate, and THEN,

communicate

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Base Leg

EntryMust anticipate normal pattern operations and start them on base

Approximately 1-1.2 nm from the threshold

*

Normal point of

glidepath

intercept must be moved to an imaginary point on base leg

*

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Final Leg

25

7

Final Leg

On final approach, complete the final

checklist items,

align with centerline, and

slow to final approach speed

Flaps: as needed for type of landing and conditions

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Extended Pattern & Entries

If extended downwind, turn base and reduce power when cleared to turn base. If final will be 3nm or longer, do not make power reduction until on final and on VASI or PAPI. A slight descent rate adjustment may be required for small pattern extensions

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If directed to follow other traffic:

Traffic of equal speed—wait until traffic passes off wingtipSlower traffic—wait until traffic passes behind your wingtip. (Adjust based on other aircraft's speed relative to yours, the slower the aircraft , the further behind your wing it should be before turningFaster traffic can begin turn when traffic is slightly ahead of your

wingtip

Be

situationally

aware of your preceding traffic landing clearance. Full stop, option, stop and go, etc. These will affect the preceding aircraft’s time on the runway and therefore spacing

required

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Pattern Rules/tips

Bank angle must not exceed 30° Recommended TPA is 1000’ AGLTraffic pattern Size is determined by Airspeed. (Bigger is not necessarily better!)Always follow traffic ahead, extend legs if necessary

Aircraft lower than you have right of

way

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Pattern

Rules/Tips Cont.Landing light on Within 10 nm of Airports“Sterile Cockpit” in the traffic patternDo not “look down” during final approach. Stay awareNEVER argue on the radio, pursue the discussion on the

ground

Keep your head ‘outside’ the

cockpit

SCAN, SCAN, SCAN……….

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Runway Markings, Signage, etc

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Precision Runway Markings

PHAK Chap. 14, AIM chap. 2

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Runway Threshold Stripes

Runway Width

60 ft.75 ft.100 ft.150 ft. 200 ft.

Number of Stripes

4

6

8

12

16

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Nonprecision Runway Markings

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Additional Runway Markings

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Runway Hold Short Line

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Displaced Threshold

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Enhanced Taxiway Centerline

Begins 150 feet prior to the hold short line

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Closed Runway

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Airport Movement Area

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Airport Signs

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Airport

Signs

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Taxiway Sign

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Runway Directional Sign

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Runway Incursion

Official Definition:

Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing, or intending to landPrimarily caused by errors associated with clearances, communication, airport surface movement, and positional awareness

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Runway Incursion Avoidance

During preflight, ensure that you have all pertinent information regarding airport construction & lighting

Complete as many checklist items as possible before taxi or while holding shortRead back all clearances in fullWhile taxiing, concentrate on primary responsibilities

If unsure of position, stop & ask for direction (i.e. progressive taxi)

While in

runup

area or waiting for clearance, position aircraft so you can see landing aircraft

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Runway Incursion Avoidance

Monitor appropriate radio frequencies. Be alert for aircraft which may be on other freq. or without communications

After landing, stay on tower frequency until instructed to change frequenciesUse exterior lights during periods of reduced visibilityReport deteriorating or confusing markings, signs, & lighting

Make sure you understand the required procedures if you fly into or out of an airport where LAHSO is in effect

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LAHSO

Land

& HoldShort Operations

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Airport Lighting

Beacon

Civilian Land Airport—green & whiteMilitary Airport—green & two quick whiteWater Airport—yellow & whiteHeliport—green, yellow, & whitePHAK 14-16

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Glide Slope Indicators

(PHAK 14-16)VASI—visual approach slope indicatorTri-color VASIPulsating VASIPAPI—precision approach path indicator

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VASI

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Tri color VASI

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Pulsating VASI

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PAPI

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Runway Lighting

Edge lights—white

Red signify a displaced thresholdMay incorporate yellow runway remaining lights on last half of runway, or 2,000 ft, whichever is lessThreshold lights—green or redDisplaced threshold lights—green

Runway centerline lights—white

Alt. Red & white at 3,000 ft. remaining; all red for last 1,000 ft.

Land & hold short lights—

a row of 5 flush-mounted white lights installed at the hold short point, perpendicular to the centerline

Touchdown Zone lighting—

2 rows of transverse light bars on either side of the runway from 100 ft to 3,000 ft.

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Runway Edge Lights

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Runway Centerline Lights

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3 Ways to ID Runway

If the runway has a displaced threshold, there will be a set of green lights on each side of the threshold line.

If no displaced threshold then a row of green lights will be across the end of the runway.Runway end identifier lights (REILs)—white strobes.

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Threshold Lights

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Taxiway Lighting

Lead-off lights: flush-mounted alternating green & yellow

Centerline lights: greenEdge lights: blue

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Taxiway Edge Lighting

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Taxiway Centerline Lights

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Other Lighting

Pilot-controlled lighting

Airport lighting activated by keying the mic a certain number of time within 5 seconds.Timer usually runs for 15 minutes.Key mic 7 times to turn on at high intensityKey mic 5 times for medium intensityKey mic 3 times for low intensityObstruction Lighting

On structures such as towers, buildings, and powerlines.

Bright red & white lights are used.

Occasionally high-intensity strobes are used.

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Gleim

Questions

Sections 3.1-3.7

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