PPT-MUTATIONS Chromosome Review

In normal diploid organisms two copies of each chromosome are present in every somatic body cell 2n One from mom one from dad The last set are the sex chromosomes These may or may not be homologous. Types . of Mutations | . Effects . of . Mutations. Learning Objectives. Identify different changes to DNA within both genes and chromosomes. Evaluate effects of changes to DNA on proteins produced and organisms’ overall survival. Mutations. Any unpredictable change in the structure or amount of DNA of an organism is called a . mutation. . . Most . mutations occur in . somatic (body) cells. and are not passed from one generation to the next. . or. How a perfectly good system can go wrong go wrong go wrong. There are 2 types of mutations. 1)Chromosomal rearrangements. . There are too many or too few chromosomes. (nondisjunction and polyploidy). Mutations are changes in the genetic material. . Mutations may be genetic mutations or chromosomal mutations.. Genetic Mutations occur in the “code” on DNA or mRNA. Mistakes in . copying the DNA :. did Cyclops from the X-Men get his . superpowers. ?. He was born with the mutation. How did the Hulk and Spiderman get their . superpowers. ?. The Hulk was exposed to . g. amma radiation and Spiderman was bitten by a radioactive spider . Henry County Professional Learning High School Session II. Chromosomal Mutations. Deletion. – part of the chromosome is missing. Starts with breaks in the chromosome. Radiation, heat, viruses, chemicals, etc.. Changes in the genetic material. Mutations can occur in two different types of Cells:. 1. Somatic (body) cells. 2. Gamete (sex or germ) cells. Mutations in somatic cells. Usually result in killing that body cell only.. M. istakes made in the DNA sequencing. They can have a range of effects.. They can affect the genetic information that is passed to offspring.. Cells have evolved various methods to deal with them. . Point mutations. single base change . silent mutation. no amino acid change. redundancy in code. missense. change amino acid. Changes the final protien. nonsense. change to stop codon. Stopping prematurely . Given a mutation, identify its type. Predict how a mutation will affect a protein.. Mutations. Changes in genetic material (DNA). 2 main types of mutations. Point mutation- change in one or a few nucleotides (letters). Understand how they occur. Analyze the different types of mutations. Understand how mutations affect amino acid sequences and proteins. Objective. Central Dogma. DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into proteins. Conditional mutations. Point mutations. In . point mutations . the sequence of the DNA has been altered at a single position. Where this change consists of replacing one nucleotide by another, it is known as a . Typically occur during meiosis (gamete formation) but can also occur during mitosis. Can lead to cancer some cases. We will look at: Translocation, Deletion, Duplication and Inversion. Few harmful gene mutations are passed on to the next generation because the zygote usually dies. If it lives, the offspring may have birth defects.. Science. Learning intention. To understand the different types of mutations. . You will need. A pen and a piece of paper or a laptop to record your answers. . You may need the internet to search for answers. .