Gibson Geoscience Research Institute wwwgrisdaorg Summary Evolution is the theory that all organisms have descended from a common ancestor by unguided natural processes The Cambrian Explosion contradicts the pattern ID: 926643
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Slide1
Why Evolution Is False
L J
Gibson
Geoscience Research Institute
www.grisda.org
Slide2Summary
Evolution is the theory that all organisms have descended from a common ancestor by unguided (natural) processes.
The Cambrian Explosion contradicts the pattern of common ancestry predicted by evolutionary theory.Irreducible complexity contradicts the claim that intelligent design is not necessary for biodiversity. Unique human attributes, including orphan genes contradict the claim of evolution theory that humans have evolved from ape-like ancestors.
Cambrian Explosion
GRI
Irreducible ComplexityPublicDomain LadyOfHats
Slide3OUTLINE
Definition
of EvolutionFailure of the predictions of common ancestry (pattern)Inadequacy of mutation and natural selection to drive evolution (process)Another viewConclusions
Slide4What Is Evolution?
Evolution is the theory that
includes the following points:All organisms have descended from a single common ancestor (PATTERN);Evolutionary change has occurred by strictly natural processes – (there is no God who acts in nature) (PROCESS);Humans
have evolved from ape-like ancestors, have no special status (PRODUCT).
Slide5OUTLINE
Definition
of EvolutionFailure of the predictions of common ancestry (pattern)Inadequacy of mutation and natural selection to drive evolution (process)Another viewConclusions
Slide6The Predicted Pattern of Evolution
According to evolutionary theory, all life is connected by genealogy in a way that can be represented by a tree-like
diagram, starting from a common ancestor.
All Species Belong to One Evolutionary Family Tree
AnswersInGenesis
modified
Common Ancestor
Slide7The
Tree
of Evolution
According to evolutionary theory, life started out as a single
type/body plan, then produced more types gradually over long ages of time.
Differences among animals (“disparity”) should increase upward in the tree.A1
B1
A2
B2
Single Type
Few Types
Many Types (High Disparity)
Slide8The Cambrian Explosion Does Not Fit The Tree
The Cambrian Explosion is a pattern in the fossil record in which the greatest differences among animal fossils are seen in the lowest portion of the fossil record of animals.
The Cambrian Explosion falsifies the prediction that biodiversity forms the pattern of an evolutionary tree.
Slide9The “Cambrian Explosion
”
Species with different body plans appear to have separate origins.
Animal types with
the
greatest differences appear abruptly at
the
beginning
of the
fossil record
of
animals.
The dotted lines are theoretical links.
Slide10Evolution of the Evolutionary Tree
1879 E Haeckel
Reaction to Gould 1977
Evolutionary Tree
Evolutionary Bush
Slide11Evolution of the Evolutionary Tree
1990 Carl
WoeseEvolutionary Tangle
Carl e 1990
Evolutionary Bush
2016 L Hug et al
Slide12Systematic Gaps
Missing links (gaps) are claimed to be due to the incompleteness of the fossil record.
But the gaps are not random.The larger the difference between two species, the more intermediates there should be.In reality, there are no intermediates between species at the highest degree of difference.
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 . . . . 98 – 99 - 100
Slide13Similar Species Often Form a Clustered Pattern
Similar species should have so few intermediates that it is improbable that any would be found if the fossil record is highly incomplete.
But intermediates (similar varieties) are often found for species that are similar.
Horses are an example, with many similar
species.Angelfire.com
Slide14The Larger the Differences, the Larger the Gaps
This display shows four clusters of Cambrian/ Ordovician fossils, all separated from each other by large gaps.
Slide15Gaps Are Real - Not Due To
Lack of Fossils
The fossil record shows a non-random, systematic pattern of gaps.Preservation of soft-bodied faunas indicates that most species can be preserved as fossils.Abundance of individual fossils and ability to correlate fossil layers indicates the fossil record is complete enough to show real patterns.
Slide16Systematic Gaps And Short Time
Our contemporary world shows
clusters of similar species, separated from other such groups.This is similar to the pattern seen in the fossil record, and seems to suggest that much of the fossil record is a record of life that existed at the same time
. (Note the red line on the diagram.)
What pattern would diversity have at the red line?
Slide17The Pattern of Biodiversity
The predicted pattern
The observed pattern
Charles Darwin. Public Domain
GRI
Slide18Summary
The Pattern of Evolution
Evolutionary theory predicts a tree-like pattern of evolutionary relationships.Organisms are not easily arranged into a treelike pattern.The best pattern is a forest of trees, as in creationist theory.
Slide19Outline
Definition
of EvolutionFailure of the predictions of common ancestryInadequacy of mutation and selectionNo adequate source of variationNatural selection is limitedAnother viewConclusions
Slide20The Predicted Process of Evolution
Evolutionary theory
assumes an unguided mechanism to produce diversification.The evolutionary process consists of two stages: variation, and selection.Selection is regarded as a cumulative, stepwise process in which new structures are built gradually.First Variation, then Selection
Slide21The Process of Evolution
Variation is produced by chance through mutation
.The best-adapted varieties are preserved by natural selection.The process is claimed to be cumulative and creative.
Slide22Variation by Mutation
Mutation is the proposed mechanism for producing variation.
According to the theory, random, unguided, mutations produce variation.Most mutations are harmful; beneficial mutations are very rare.Thus evolutionary processes must be very slow and gradual.
The Theory
Slide23Improvement by Natural Selection
Selection by Predation.
Two color forms of the peppered moth. Birds are more likely to see and eat the more conspicuous one, leaving the camouflaged form to survive. This is natural selection.
Selection by Competition.Four species of Galapagos finches. Beak size determines what food the bird can eat. The birds probably diversified from a common ancestor through selection on beak size.
The Theory
Slide24Evolutionary Questions About the Source of Variation
Random mutations are highly unlikely to produce improvements in organisms.
The probabilities of a specific sequence of five or more helpful mutations occurring is too low to be considered scientifically plausible.Three slightly harmful fruit fly mutations.These flies may survive, but are not improved.
Image: tes.comAre Mutations Helpful?
Slide25Evolutionary Questions About Mutation
Any helpful mutation will be linked to several harmful mutations; thus harmful mutations will accumulate faster than helpful ones.
If this continues, the genetic system will collapse from an excess of harmful mutations.How Can Genetic Meltdown be Avoided?
Swampthingsscience.com
Slide26Evolutionary Questions On the Source of Variation
Genes may be switched on and off by attachment or release of a methyl group/ “molecule”.
Such epigenetic changes are rapid and reversible, but not cumulative.This explains why changes in a species typically fluctuate around an average, and tend to revert to the original “wild” type.Such changes do not accumulate to produce new organs or new types of organisms.Do Epigenetic Changes Accumulate?
Slide27Evolutionary Questions About Natural Selection
An irreducibly complex system is one that does not function when one of its parts is not present.
Natural selection cannot produce a system one step at a time unless there is some useful function at each step.Thus, natural selection cannot produce an irreducibly complex system.Can Selection Produce Irreducibly Complex Systems?
Slide28A
Cell Has Irreducible Complexity
Membrane, metabolism and replication are
complex, interdependent
systems
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/
A cell consists
of
several complex
,
interdependent systems, each of which includes irreducibly complex components.
Cells require at least 250 different genes.
Slide29Many Molecular Machines Appear to be Irreducibly Complex
Chlorophyll (modified carbohydrate)
www.miami.edu
ATP Synthase (a protein)
www.
Wikipedia.org
Slide30Can Selection Produce New Types of Organisms?
Artificial selection produces variation, but no new organs or body plans.
Evolutionary Questions About Natural Selection
A sampling of pigeon breeds. Incubator.Rockefeller.edu
Slide31Dogs from Start to Finish
Genealogy of selected breeds of dogs.
Wallace.genetics.uga.edu
Slide32Summary: Mutation and Natural Selection Do Not Explain What We See
Natural selection can only remove inferior individuals, it cannot create
new organs.Improvements, or new features, can only be produced by mutations that are beneficial.Most mutations are slightly harmful, but not harmful enough to be removed by selection.Slightly harmful mutations accumulate in the genome, causing
degeneration.
Slide33Outline
Definition
of EvolutionFailure of the predictions of common ancestryInadequacy of mutation and natural selectionAnother viewLocal adaptationSeparate originsConclusions
http://www.rtgmin.org/2012/06/08/evolution-theory-of-evolution/
Slide34Species Are Adapted to Their Local Environments
Natural selection seems to explain the minor differences among similar species, such as these honeyeater birds.
Slide35Does Local Adaptation Involve Development of New Organs?
Differences among species include color, body size, beak length and shape and other minor differences.
Slide36Is Local Adaptation the Same As Evolution?
Can new organs be formed by natural selection?
Fruit flies laying eggs.
USDA . PublicDomain.
Typical bacterial cell.LadyOfHats
. PublicDomain.
Golden Retriever.
AndreasDobler
CCbySA3.0
Would natural selection be able to convert one type of organism into another, given eons of time?
Slide37Are New Genes Produced by Mutation and Natural Selection?
Examples are known of enzymes that were increased in efficiency by natural selection.
An enzyme to digest nylon was discovered to be a kind of carboxylesterase with a low degree of activity on nylon which was improved by two mutations when nylon became available.This is the kind of change that enables local adaptation, but not development of a new organ.
Nylonase structure.RCSB Protein Database
It does not seem realistic.
Slide38Can Evolutionary Theory Explain “Orphan” Genes?
Many gene families are shared among most or all types of organisms.
Every species group that has been studied has “orphan” genes, not related to any gene in other groups.This indicates a separate ancestry for different species groups.Do Orphan Genes Indicate Separate Ancestry?
Slide39How Many Orphan Genes Do Humans Have?
Humans have at least
634
genes not found in chimpanzees
.
Chimps have 780 genes not found in humans.
(
PLoS
11(12):e1005721
doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005721)
Bonobo Chimp.
Kabir
Bakie
CCbySA2.5
Neil Armstrong.
Wikipedia
Slide40Are Humans Merely Hairless Apes?
Humans have a complex language different from all other animals, including apes.
Humans have a moral nature, which no other animals have.Humans have unique features such as creativity, self-consciousness, appreciation of beauty, and self-sacrificing behavior not found in other animals.Humans have many unique attributes
Slide41Another View – Summary
Natural selection may explain local adaptation, but not creation of new organs or body plans.
Humans have many unique characteristics that set them apart from apes and indicate separate ancestries for the two groups.
Left: One of many species of locally adapted species of Australian honeyeaters.Right: A member of a unique species – humans.
Slide42Outline
Definition
of evolutionFailure of the predictions of common ancestryInadequacy of natural selection to drive of evolutionAnother viewConclusions
Slide43Conclusions
Evolution is the theory that all organisms have descended from a common ancestor by unguided (natural) processes.
The Cambrian Explosion contradicts the pattern of common ancestry predicted by evolutionary theory.Irreducible complexity contradicts the claim that intelligent design was not involved in creation of biodiversity.
Cambrian Explosion
Irreducible Complexity
Slide44Conclusions
Evidence from artificial selection and genetics indicates that natural selection is not an adequate mechanism to produce the varied types of living organisms from a common ancestor.
Unique human attributes, including orphan genes, contradict the evolutionary claim that humans share a common ancestry with apes.Mutations
Selection
Slide45Conclusion
For these reasons, the theory of universal common ancestry by purely natural processes, evolution, is false.
Evolution Is False
Slide46THE END