Chapter 7 The Revolution of 1800 Burr and Jefferson tie in the election of 1800 Alexander Hamilton supports Jefferson Jefferson Republican takes office with Burr as VP Peaceful transfer of power from one party to another ID: 167321
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Slide1
REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON
Chapter 7Slide2
The “Revolution of 1800”
Burr and Jefferson tie in the election of 1800
Alexander Hamilton supports Jefferson
Jefferson, Republican, takes office with Burr as VP
Peaceful transfer of power from one party to another
Inaugural address:
“
We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
”
Slide3
Jefferson Dismantles Federalist Policies
Abolished all internal taxes (whiskey tax)
Reduced government spending
Cut federal debt almost in half
Reduced the size of the army and navy
50%
Retired most of the navy
’
s warships
(Critics claimed he left the nation defenseless)
He tried removed the
“
midnight appointees
”
-judges appointed by Adams Slide4
Question
Just how
“
DEMOCRATIC
”
was Jefferson?Slide5
Trouble with the Barbary StatesSlide6
Conflict With the Barbary States
North African states (Pasha of Tripoli) demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean
Jefferson dispatched U.S. fleet to
“
negotiate through the mouth of a cannon
”
U.S. ends up paying $60,000 for the release of U.S. sailors Slide7
North America in 1800Slide8
Attack on the Judges:
Marbury v. Madison
Jefferson tried to deny Federalist Marbury his judgeship.
Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court which ruled the court had no authority to order James Madison to deliver the commission. They ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
***Under Chief Justice
John Marshall
in
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) the ruling established the Supreme Court
’
s right of
judicial review of federal legislation and executive action. Slide9
****
Marbury
v. Madison
Judicial Review
Established one of the most important principles of American constitutional law: The right of judicial review.
. The Supreme Court held that the Court itself
has the final say on the meaning of the Constitution (interpretation and application) as well as the power to nullify an act of Congress. Slide10
Attack on the Judges: Impeachments
1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism and insanity
Republicans began to fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary.
Jefferson made the situation worse by seeking to impeach Federalist Supreme Court Justice
Samuel Chase
The Republican Senate refused to convict Chase. No attempt has been made since to restructure the court through impeachment. Slide11
The Louisiana Purchase Slide12
Westward:
T
he Course of Empire
Intense migration to West after 1790
New States included
Kentucky--1792
Tennessee--1796
Ohio—1803
***Water transportation is essential to westward expansion and New Orleans connected these markets to the world Slide13
The Louisiana Purchase
1801--France bought Louisiana from Spain
1803
--Jefferson sent diplomats to France to buy
New Orleans
Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million (4 cents an acre)
The Constitution is vague on Congressional authority to purchase LA
****Jefferson abandons his position of a
“
strict
”
interpretation of the Constitution to purchase LA territory Slide14Slide15
A Proclamation to the People of New Orleans, 1803 (In three languages) Slide16
The Louisiana Purchase (2)
Louisiana inhabitants were French & Spanish
Jefferson denies them self-rule=
“
Taxation without representation
”
Louisiana was governed from Washington
This was another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism
The boundaries of the territory are not clear. Slide17
http://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis/videos#louisiana-purchase-doubles-size-of-americaSlide18
LA Purchase: Is It Constitutional?
http://www.history.com/shows/the-presidents/videos/jefferson-expands-executive-power#jefferson-expands-executive-powerSlide19
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition was
commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana
Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and returned in 1806.
They were gone for 21/2 years and covered 8,000 miles.
Sacagawea
, Shoshone Indian guide
Both men agreed the area beyond the Missouri—though rich in resources--
was not fit for settlement. Slide20
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and ClarkSlide21
http://www.history.com/videos/lewis--clark-expedition-charts-new-territorySlide22Slide23Slide24
Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr
Vice-President
Aaron Burr
breaks with Jefferson
1804--Burr seeks Federalist support in 1804 New York governor
’
s race
Alexander Hamilton
blocks Burr
’
s efforts
Burr kills Hamilton in a duelSlide25
The Burr Conspiracy
Burr fled to the west after Hamilton duel
Some believed Burr planned to invade Spanish territory and convince western states to secede from the union.
Burr was arrested and tried for treason
John Marshall
acquitted on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence
He fled to England but returned years later to live as an outcast in the U.S.
“
The wickedest man alive.
”
Slide26
Video on Burr Duel
Founding Brothers Slide27
Embarrassments Overseas
1803--England and France resumed war (Napoleonic Wars)
American ships were subject to seizure:
Between 1803 and 1807, the British seized 500 American ships and France seized 300.
Impressments
=seizing U.S. sailors for service in English navy (
Chesapeake-Leopard
Incident)
Jefferson refused to declare war. Instead, he cut off trade with France and England instead.
Embargo Act of 1807
-Jefferson
’
s alternative to warSlide28
Embargo Act (1807) Divided the Nation
Embargo Act
prohibited American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port.
Embargo crippled the American economy.
American exports dropped from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million.
Imports dropped from $138 million to $57 million.
Merchants declared bankruptcy, jobs were lost, banks closed
Jefferson stopped enforcing the embargo Slide29
GORDON WOOD “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY”
VIDEO NOTES Slide30
GORDON WOOD LECTURE: “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY” (1790-1820)
The population doubled every 20 years
Americans moved westward rapidly leading to disputes over land and relocation and conflict with Native Americans
Westward movement led to the creation of new states and a shift in political power from the east to the western region
Religious revivals sweep the nation (Second Great Awakening) and new religious groups are organized—Methodists, Baptists, Mormons, etc.Slide31
Gordon Wood VideoThe national economy grows rapidly and Americans seize opportunities for economic and social gains –very ambitious!
Crime rate spiked
Three wrong assumptions of the founding generation:
1. They could control westward expansion
2. They could deal with the Indians in a humane manner 3. Slavery would die a natural deathSlide32
JAMES MADISONTHE MADISON ADMINISTRATION Slide33
James Madison Elected President Slide34
# 4, James MadisonPart of the “Virginia Dynasty” and founding generation
Father of the Constitution
Author of the Federalist Papers
Supporter of the Bill of Rights
Dem-Republican along with Jefferson
Slide35
Historical Context: Madison Administration
Westward expansion, land disputes
Growing population
Religious revivalism “Second Great Awakening”
Great Britain and France were at war (Napoleonic Wars) US ships were caught between the warring nations
Embargo Act had damaged the US economy
Indian unrest in the Northeast and the South Importation of slaves ended in 1808 Slide36
A New Administration Goes to War:
Mr. Madison’s War
1808--James Madison was elected President and Britain and France were at war
1809--Embargo was repealed in favor of
Non-Intercourse Act-
reopens trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France
Macon
’
s Bill No. 2
-U.S. resumed trade with France and Britain as long as both allowed unrestricted trade Slide37
Causes of the War of 1812: US vs. Great Britain
1. Americans resented
British
occupation of forts in the Northwest where they supplied
Indians in attacks
against American settlers
2. British seizure of American ships and impressment of American citizens
3. As the nation moved westward, the region gained political power in Congress. “War Hawks” from the western states supported war with Britain=Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
4. Some Americans hoped to gain territory in Canada and Florida Slide38
War of 1812Slide39
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#americans-and-british-face-off-in-war-of-1812Slide40
Fumbling Toward Conflict
Americans believed the British were supporting
Tecumseh
’
s
Western campaign
Congressional
War Hawks
demanded war against England to preserve American honor
June 1, 1812,
Madison
sent to Congress a declaration of warSlide41
Americans Were Not Prepared for War
Small national budget=1/15
th
the size of England
’
sHad only 7,500 men on military rolls
American navy had 16 warships and 7 frigatesBritish navy had 166 frigates and 124 large warships Americans planned to attack Canada Slide42Slide43
Strange War of 1812:
The War’s Conclusion
1814--three-pronged English attack
campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain
campaign in the Chesapeake resulted in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore
campaign for
New Orleans
thwarted by
Andrew Jackson
, January, 1815 (13 casualties to 2000 British)
Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814Slide44
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#accounts-receivable-book-seized-during-the-war-of-1812Slide45
http://www.history.com/videos/andrew-jackson-hero-of-new-orleansSlide46
“The Star Spangled Banner”
Frances Scott Key (30’ x42’)Slide47
http://www.history.com/search?search-field=America+Flag%3ADeconstructed+&x=14&y=13Slide48
Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists
Federalists convened December, 1814
Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West and the President
Federalists talked of
secession
Treaty of Ghent
and the victory of New Orleans made Convention appear disloyal
Federalist party never recoveredSlide49
Treaty of Ghent Ends the War
Most problems left unaddressed
Senate unanimously ratified the
Treaty of Ghent
Americans claimed success in a
"second war of independence"Slide50
Republican Legacy
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826
James Madison died in 1836
He despaired that Declaration
’
s principles not yet extended to African AmericansSlide51