PPT-Evasion of apoptosis DR. AYSER HAMEED

LEC5 3 Evasion of apoptosis Normally the mechanism of apoptosis is mediated by many genes amp achieve by two phases Initiation phase which is mediated by TNF Fas receptor amp inhibited by FLIP protein. Antti. . Levomäki. , Christian . Jalio. , Olli-. Pekka. . Niemi. . 28 October 2009. Intrusion Prevention Systems should protect vulnerable hosts from remote exploits. Exploits can apply multiple evasion method to bypass the detection of Intrusion Prevention Systems and break into the remote system . Dr. Tania A. . Shakoori. Apoptosis. Apoptosis.  . -. programmed . cell . death. 3 stages. Initiation . (depending on where the . the. signal comes from). Extrinsic. Intrinsic. Execution. Phagocytosis. DroughtandfoodsecurityinthemiddleeastAnanalyticalframeworkMaysounHameedAliAhmadalipourHamidMoradkhaniCenterforComplexHydrosystemsResearchDepartmentofCivilConstructionandEnvironmentalEngineeringUnivers LEC.2. Most benign tumors grow slowly . & most of cancers grow faster . & eventually spread locally & to distant sites (metastasis) & causing death.. In some exception, some benign tumors grow more rapidly than some cancers e.g. leiomyoma (uterine fibroid), which is benign smooth muscle tumor influence by estrogen & so increase in size during pregnancy.. Lessons leaned. Apoptoti. c process. definition . A . programmed cell death process which. . begins. . when. . a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways) which typically lead to rounding-up of the cell, retraction of . LEC.1. General Features . Inflammation is defined as "the response of living . vascularized. tissues to harmful agents.”. . It consists principally of vascular changes associated with leukocytes infiltration and systemic reactions. LEC.2. Binding of a particle to . phagocytic. leukocyte receptors initiates the process of active . phagocytosis. .. During engulfment, extensions of the cytoplasm (. pseudopods. ) flow around the particle to be engulfed, eventually resulting in complete enclosure of the particle within a . Deptt. . Of Pathology. JNMC, AMU. APOPTOSIS. It is a form of . coordinated and internally programmed . cell death.. The term is derived from a Greek word for “falling off”, coined in 1972 and is different from necrosis. . LEC.4. Examples of tumor suppressor genes:. 1. RB gene:. This is the . first discovered suppressor gene. , . loss of normal RB gene was discovered initially in Retinoblastoma, but recently proved it lost in many tumors (breast cancer, bladder & lung cancer, osteosarcoma).. LEC.3. Incidence of cancer. In male. . 30% Carcinoma of prostate. .. 14% Carcinoma of Lung.. 11% Carcinoma of colon & rectum.. In female. . . 31% breast carcinoma. .. 12% carcinoma of lung. . LEC.5. Chemical carcinogenesis:. General principles of chemical carcinogens;. I. . Could be . natural or synthetic chemical. ..  . II. . Chemicals either . direct acting chemical. (. active without transformation in the body). LEC.1. Abnormal mass of tissue. , characterized by followings:- . Its . growth is uncoordinated & exceeded. with that of the normal tissues.. Neoplasm . persist its growth after the cessation of stimuli which cause the change.. Apoptosis, often referred to as programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated and fundamental biological process that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, development, and defense against various cellular stressors.. LEC.4. Carcinogenesis:. is a multistep process at both . phenotypic & genetic levels.. Phenotypic level . includes:. I. Excessive growth.. II. Local invasion.. III. Metastasis.. These three criteria are called collectively .