LO 111a Describe the major theories of emotion Mental states or feelings affective states associated with our evaluation of our experiences Discrete emotions theory humans experience a small number of distinct emotions though they may combine in complex ways ID: 775765
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document " Discrete Emotions Theory (1 of 5)" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Discrete Emotions Theory (1 of 5)LO 11.1a Describe the major theories of emotion.
Mental states or feelings (
affective states) associated
with our evaluation of our experiences
Discrete emotions theory—
humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, though they may combine in complex ways.
Emotions have biological roots and serve evolutionary functions.
Emotions (limbic system) precede our thoughts about them (cortex).
Slide2Discrete Emotions Theory (2 of 5)LO 11.1a Describe the major theories of emotion.
If evolutionary in nature, emotions should be universal.Good support for seven primary emotions:Happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, anger, and contempt“Pride” may also be a primary emotion.These combine to form secondary emotions.
Ekman
& Friesen (1978) identified
six universal facial expressions
: joy (happiness), fear, anger (contempt), sadness, surprise and disgust.
Slide3Discrete Emotions Theory (3 of 5)LO 11.1a Describe the major theories of emotion.
Cultural differences in expression
Cultures differ in
display rules—
how and when to express emotion.
Do not influence emotion itself, but instead its overt expression
Emotions and physiology
Able to differentiate some primary emotions physiologically
Heart rate increases more with negative emotions.
Digestive systems slows down with fear.
Not all are different, though.
Happy and sad look the same in brain scans.
Multiple brain regions are active in all emotions.
Slide4Discrete Emotions Theory
Real vs. fake emotionsCertain components of facial expression allow us to distinguish when someone is showing a genuine emotion.Duchenne vs. Pan Am (fake) smilesThe Duchenne smile involves both voluntary and involuntary contraction from two muscles: the zygomatic major (raising the corners of the mouth) and the orbicularis oculi (raising the cheeks and producing crow's feet around the eyes).A fake smile or "Say Cheese" smile involves the contraction of just the zygomatic major since we cannot voluntarily contract the orbicularis oculi muscle.orbicularis oculi controlled involuntarily by limbic brain structures“Real smiling” in college year book associated with greater life satisfaction and better marriage outcomes 30 years later!
Slide5Cognitive Theories of Emotion (1 of 3)LO 11.1a Describe the major theories of emotion.
Posit that emotions are products of thinking, rather than the other way around
No discrete emotions; there are as many emotions as there are kinds of thoughts.
Earliest theories were
James-Lange
and
Cannon-Bard
theories
Slide6Cognitive Theories of Emotion
James-Lange theory proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.Cannon-Bard theory instead says an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to emotional and bodily reactions.
Slide7Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Damasio’s somatic marker theory (left below) says that we use our “gut reactions” to gauge how we should act.Two-factor theory states that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal, with an attribution of that arousal.
Slide8©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Facial feedback hypothesis states that you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features.“Cool Brain” Hypothesis
Slide9Deceiving with emotions: Lying and Lie Detection
Most people are not good at detecting lies.Little or no correlation between people’s confidence in their ability to detect lies and their accuracyAll “objective” methods of lie detection (polygraph, brain imaging, integrity tests, etc.) are imperfect and often have high false positives
Slide10©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lying faces: Can we identify when a face is lying?
Ekaman Telling Lies (2001). microexpression: brief, fleeting facial expression of the opposite emotion to what the person is trying to convey90% of deceivers produce reliable microexpression. 30% of truth-tellers also do.Other cues: depersonalization of speech, departure from typical communication style.Ekman’s advice: always play good cop
Slide11What Happiness Is Good ForLO 11.3a Identify common myths and realities about happiness and self-esteem.
Different from pleasure
May
produce enduring physical and psychological benefits
Broaden and build theory
says happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the
“big
picture
.”
Optimism makes life easier.
Slide12©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Happiness: An elusive emotion
Why humans aren’t designed to be happy
1.
Hedonic treadmill
: we quickly adapt to new circumstances requiring ever greater “thrills” to achieve contentment (the more you have the more you want!)
2. Tendency to make
upward
rather than
downward social comparisons
3.
Asymmetry of affective experience
effect: losing $50 dollars feels worse than finding $50 feels good.
Slide13©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Slide14©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Slide15©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Slide16©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
For more see “are we happy yet” link on webpage
Slide17What Makes Us Happy (2 of 2)LO 11.3a Identify common myths and realities about happiness and self-esteem.
Things that are related to happiness
include
Being married
Having many friends
Graduating college
Being deeply
religious
Political affiliation
Level of gratitude
Giving to others
Being in the midst of
flow
Money? Maybe, depends
Slide18©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The secret to Happiness: Ancient wisdom
Here again, I saw emptiness under the sun: a lonely man without a friend, without a son or brother, toiling endlessly yet never satisfied with his wealth. Two are better than one; they receive a good reward for their toil, because, if one falls, the other can help his companion up again; but alas for the man who falls with no partner to help him up. (Eccles. 4:7-10).