1 Big Difference Operant Conditioning When an individuals own behaviour increases or decreases because of the response that behaviour is met with BF Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner 19041990 ID: 634447
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Slide1
Operant Conditioning
Very similar to Classical Conditioning1 Big Difference Operant Conditioning: When an individual’s own behaviour increases or decreases because of the response that behaviour is met withSlide2
B.F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, 1904-1990
Considered free will an illusion -> all behaviour was governed by past experiences.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSv992Ts6as
Created the Operant Chamber or Skinner Box.Slide3
Reinforcers
Skinner was all about “the principle of reinforcement”.Reinforcers: any event that strengthens the behaviour that the reinforcer follows.Slide4
Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the response each time the response occurs.Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces a response only part of the time. There are 4 types.Slide5
Operant Chamber/Skinner BoxSlide6
Partial Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Schedule: After a certain number of responses, reinforcement occurs. E.g. being paid commission, streaks in video games.Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. E.g. Gambling, fishing.Slide7
Partial Reinforcement
Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified time. E.g. Pay cheques, Exams.Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. E.g. fishing?Slide8
Pigeon Guided Missiles
this is the silliest thing on earth…https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnKyOfNuSooSlide9
Punishment
Positive Punishment: Administering an aversive stimulus. E.g. Spanking Negative Punishment: Removing an aversive punishment. E.g. Removing privileges.
What would detention be?Slide10
Problems with punishment
Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment, it usually leads to negative effects. (Larzelaere & Baumrind, 2002)
Results in unwanted fears.
Gives no information to the person who is being punished.
Justifies pain to others.
Causes aggression towards the punisher.
Causes unwanted behaviours to reappear in its absence.
Causes one unwanted behaviour to appear in place of another.Slide11
TED Review
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-difference-between-classical-and-operant-conditioning-peggy-andoverSlide12
What kind of learning is Neo using?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-NAychZTyoSlide13
What kind of learning is Neo using?
Classical conditioning?Operant Conditioning?
Instinct?Slide14
Social/Observational Learning
There doesn’t seem to be any conditioning going on.No pairing of NS with US, etc.No reinforcer/punisher.Slide15
Social/Observational Learning
Neo seems to be using what we call
observational
or
social learning.
Social Learning:
learning that occurs through observing the behaviours of others.Slide16
Important Term
When an someone observes another individual’s behaviour, the individual being observed is called the
model
.
Modelling
behaviour refers to showing others, intentionally or otherwise, a certain type of behaviour.Slide17
Social/Observational Learning
A lot of social learning research is done with young individuals.
As a result, Piaget and other developmental psychologists’ research is drawn upon heavily during social learning research.
Why might social learning be important with young individuals?Slide18
Albert Bandura
1925 - Present
Originator of Social Learning Theory.
Most influential experiment:
Bobo Doll ExperimentSlide19
The Bobo Doll Experiment
https://youtu.be/Pr0OTCVtHbUSlide20
The Bobo Doll Experiment
The control group was not exposed to any modelling at all.
What might be the problem with this control group?
Think of it as a kid…Slide21
Bobo Doll Experiment Method
1. Modelling2. Aggression Arousal3. ObservationSlide22
What does Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment prove?
Does it prove that behaviour is learned?Does it prove that aggressive behaviour is learned?Does it prove that aggressive behaviour towards clown dolls is learned?Slide23
Social/Observational Learning
Experiments with monkeys and observational learning.Picture board in front of them, touching the correct picture elicits a reward.
How do we differentiate between operant conditioning and social learning in this experiment?Slide24
One more type of learning…
Cognitive learning
: Learning something just by thinking about it.
Requires a higher level of cognitive capacity.
Can be extremely important in personal development.Slide25
Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons: Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. They enable imitation and empathy.Slide26
Imitation OnsetSlide27
Sociopaths and mirror neurons
Sociopath
: someone who lacks the ability for “true” empathy.
No firm data for linking sociopaths with less mirror neuron development.
Logical hypothesis though.