Jellyfish Hydroids Corals amp Sea Anemones httpwwwyoutubecomwatchvaJUuotjE3u8 Basic Information Radial symmetry Contain organisms such as jellyfish hydroids corals and sea anemones ID: 209169
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Cnidarians!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Jellyfish, Hydroids, Corals, & Sea Anemones
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJUuotjE3u8Slide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10
Basic InformationRadial symmetryContain organisms such as jellyfish, hydroids, corals, and sea anemones
Cnidocytes- stinging cells in their tentacles that are used for protection and killing prey.Slide11
Two Different Body Plans1. Polyp- mostly benthic, cylindrical, mouth is at one end and is surrounded by a ring of tentacles.
Ex- corals and sea anemones2. Medusa- free floating stage that is commonly known as a jellyfish. Slide12Slide13
Most of them do exhibit both during their life cycles, except corals and sea anemones
Both stages have the following:Epidermis= outer layer of cells
Gastrovascular cavity that is rather large and is lined by cells called the gastrodermis.Mesoglea
- between the epidermis and
gastrodermis
and it’s a gelatinous material where jellies get their names from. Slide14
Stinging organelle-> called cnida and some function in locomotion while others function in capturing prey and defense.Most are of the spearing type called nematocycts
= which is hidden away in a tiny capsule inside the cell and when activated it shoots out like a harpoon.When the cnidocil, a short bristle like structure, comes into contact with prey or another object, it gets activates and shoots out the nematocyst.
Some nematocysts have a thread like structure that wraps around the prey and strangles them. Slide15Slide16
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpKKGB-ivQo
http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/jellyfish-videos-playlist.htmSlide17
DangerousBox Jellyfish- kills a person in minutes (3-20)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIf0kRpkQ_0
Portuguese Man of Warhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lem0RAVzVCMSlide18
Leatherbacks and NudibranchsLeatherbacks use them as a toy to play with and to eat!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rap3mnq0_loSlide19
NudibranchsFeed on them and somehow store the nematocysts in their body and use them for their own defense.
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/invertebrates-animals/other-invertebrates/nudibranch/Slide20
HydrozoansHydroidsColonial and share food
Very small and usually inconspicuousSome are sessile and some are motile.Slide21
JellyfishClass Scyphozoan or true jelliesSwim by pulsating their bodies or floating in the currents (making them plankton).
Sense organs= photoreceptors allow them to determine if it is dark or light. Many species do not like bright sunlight so they only come to the surface when its cloudy or near dusk. Slide22
AnthozoaBenthicFlower animals (bright colors)- sea anemones, corals, gorgonians (soft corals)Adults= sessile
Only polyp stageSlide23Slide24
Sea AnemonesPolypsCompartmentalized gastrovascular cavityDeepwater / shallow
Sessile- some bury themselves in the mud like tube anemonesSlide25
Sea Anemones ContinueExpand tentacles to feedContract their bodies when they are disturbedChange locations
by gliding on their base, by crawling on their side, or walking on their tentacles. Some species can detach and swim with brief contractions.Slide26
Nutrition / Digestion / FeedingDigest their prey in the central gastrovascular cavity
Two way digestive tract- food goes in and comes out the same way. Digestion and excretion are through the same crevice.Sessile- suspension feeders / filter feeders (plankton and organic matter) such as corals and anemones.Carnivorous- feed mostly on fish and larger invertebrates. Prey is paralyzed by the toxin in the nematocyst.
Upside down jelly-> Cassiopeia, feeds on plankton that gets stuck in mucus produced by modified tentacles. Slide27
CassiopeiaSlide28
Ecological RolesProvide habitats like coralsKey predators of the ocean
Coral polyps: extremely important. They provide habitat for thousands of other organisms. The reefs provide a solid surface for sessile marine animals to attach to, place of refuge for fish, and they act as a buffer to protect coastal organisms from waves and storms. Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32
Host SymbiontsPortuguese Man of War and the Nomeus (man of war fish). Fish just swims amongst the tentacles without getting stung while gaining protection from the jelly, but it also lures other fish into the tentacles . Slide33Slide34Slide35Slide36
Host symbionts continuesZoozanthellae lives in corals and provides food to the coral as well as other reef fish.
Parrotfishes- eat large amounts of coral polyps. Slide37
Sea AnemonesClownfishesCleaner Shrimp
Snapping ShrimpArrow CrabsBrittle StarsYoung anemones will attach to crabs as a form of camouflage. Slide38
Arrow CrabSlide39
ClownfishSlide40
Cleaner ShrimpSlide41
Snapping ShrimpSlide42
Ctenophora- The Comb Jellies (100-150 species known)
No stinging cellsHermaphroditic- release sperm and eggs into the water.Planktonic , iridescent during the day and bioluminescent at night.
Eight rows of cilia plates for locomotion, the plates beat allowing the animal to move.Carnivorous->
eats zooplankton, larval fish, and fish eggs.
Ecological Role-> managing zooplankton size, regulation of fish species, and they channel nutrients to other species that eat them.Slide43
Ctenophore videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7WT81ukHZEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icKB9EfURhQSlide44Slide45Slide46Slide47
Phylum Mollusca
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squid, cuttlefishFour Main Body Parts:1. Head- foot= head, mouth, sensory organs, and foot used for locomotion.
2. Visceral mass= circulatory, digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems.3.
Radula
- ribbon of tissue that contains teeth (bivalves don’t have these). Unique to mollusks and helps in scraping, piercing, tearing, or cutting food.
4.
Mantle
- protective tissue that covers all of the soft parts. Also responsible for forming the animals shell by excreting calcium. Also used for gas exchange in some species.Slide48Slide49Slide50Slide51
More Characteristics!!!!Soft body enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell that is secreted by the mantle.Shell can be modified-> squid= internal, octopus = none, snails = coiled.
Hemolymph- bathes / floods the organs, no vessels.Complicated digestive system with a mouth in the head and the anus emptying into the mantle cavity. Slide52
Characteristics Continue….Complex nervous system (Cephalopoda has the most)
Gas exchange= gills, lungs, or through the body via diffusion.Hermaphroditic and internal fertilization (separate sexes).Shell is comprised of three layers:
1. Periostracum= outermost layer /proteins2. Prismatic layer= middle layer / bulk of the shell and is made of calcium carbonate and protein3. Nacreous layer= innermost layer / thin, crystal prismatic sheets of calcium carbonate.Slide53
As the animal grows, new periostracum and prismatic layers form in the mantle. The nacreous layer is secreted continuously and is responsible for the thickness of the shell and cause the shell to have a prism look to it. Pearls are formed in oysters when the nacreous material is layered over sand grains and other particles. Slide54
Class Polyplacophora- Chitons
Flattened bodies with eight shell platesHave a large flat foot that allows them to attach to rocks.When removed they roll into a ball for protection.Feed on algae with their radulaSlide55
Class Scaphopoda- Tusk Shells
Shell resembles an elephants tuskShell is open at both ends, and the animals foot protrudes from the larger end.Water enters and exits at the small end.Special tentacles on their head for feeding.Slide56
Class GastropodaMeans “Stomach Foot”Snails, slugs, abalone,
nudibranchs, etcAsymmetricalCoiled mass or organs is enclosed by the dorsal shell which rests on the central foot.
Some retract back into their shells by closing the opening or aperture with a hard covering called the operculum. Slide57
Some are carnivores and feed on clams, oysters, worms, and small fish (whelks and cone snails). Whelks can locate a food source as far as 30 meters ( 99 feet) away, but it takes days to get there.Deposit feeders – feed on bottom sediment(mud snails)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYh2zeAsRXYSlide58
Nudibranchs -> no shell, but they have colorful branches that represent the gut and exposed gills. They eat sponges and other inverts (cnidarians). Protect themselves by toxins.(add in at bottom)
Nudibranchs have projections all over their bodies that serve as areas of gas exchange called cerata (since they lack gills).
When they feed on Cnidarians they don’t digest the stinging cells, instead they leave the cells intact and move them along ciliated tracts in the digestive system that are then transferred to the cerata. Remember bright colors = don’t mess with me
Slide59
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/06/nudibranchs/doubilet-photography#/10-tentacles-clear-714.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHg536CII2MSlide60
Internal fertilization-> most males have a long flexible penis that allows them to deposit sperm into or near the female’s genital opening. Egg cases of the female are usually surrounded by a jelly-like sac or a hard case (like a whelk egg case). Some do shed their eggs into the sea = trochophore (free swimming larva). Slide61
Class Bivalvia- Bivalves!!!Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
Two valve shell Umbo = oldest part of the shell near the hinge.Inhalant and exhalant openings
/ siphons -> obtain oxygen and also filter and sort food and waste particles.Adductor muscles= large muscles that close the valves.Foot function= burrowing and locomotionInhalant = carries food and oxygen, Exhalant= removes waste.Slide62
More about Bivalves………….Clams use their foot to burrow into the sand and then use a siphon to draw water in and out which allows them to breath and eat while under the sand. Slide63
Palps-> after the food is filtered through the gills, it forms a mass of paired structures that move the food to the bivalves mouth where it enters the digestive system.Slide64
Bivalve adaptationsDifferent habitats but most are
infauna = living beneath the sand.Mussels byssal threads
allow them to attach to rocks. Pearls form when oysters secrete shiny layers of calcium carbonate to coat irritating particles that are loaded in the mantle and inner surface of the shell= nacreous layer.Scallops-> swim by rapidly ejecting water (jet propulsion) from the mantle cavity and clapping the valves together using its adductor muscles.
Largest =
geoduck
(3 feet in length)Slide65
Mussels Byssal ThreadsSlide66
Geoduck
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZhQLoYIbJ4Slide67
Scallopshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzT2L5CsiA8Slide68
Class Cephalopoda
Octopuses, Squid, Cuttlefish, and Nautilus (only one covered in a shell)Reduction or loss of external shell“Head-footed”-> head pushes down toward the foot
Complex Nervous systemFoot= modified into arms and tentacles and equipped with suckers for catching prey.Large eyes-> set on the sides of their head and can see shaped and colorsThick muscular mantle = protection
Mantle forms a mantle cavity behind the head where 2-4 gills are located
Water enters at the free end of the mantle and leaves through the siphon.
Swim by forcing water out of the mantle cavity through the siphon= jet propulsion.
Siphon can move in any direction. Slide69
Reproduction in Bivalves (add in)Separate sexesSperm and eggs are shed into the water and fertilization takes place in the water column.
Some are hermaphroditic like scallops and oysters.Some oyster species brood the eggs in their gills and then suck in the sperm for fertilization. Slide70Slide71Slide72Slide73Slide74Slide75Slide76Slide77Slide78Slide79Slide80Slide81Slide82Slide83Slide84
Octopuses!!!!!!!!!!Not octopi!
Eight armsNo shellCrabs, lobsters, and shrimp= favs!!! Yummy
Bite prey using beak like jaws and the radula helps clean away the flesh. Then they secrete a paralyzing substance, most are harmless
Live in crevices, bottles, rocks, corals
Distract predators with their ink sac, which produces a dark cloud of fluid.
Highly developed tactile sense and can discriminate objects in the basis of touch.Slide85
Dwarf Octopus
2 inches long!!!Slide86
Pacific Giant Octopus- 30 feet (9 m.) Slide87
SquidElongated body and covered by mantle with two triangular finsCan change directions because they have a siphon
Eight arms, two tentacles, which all have suckers that circle the mouthShell= pen = embedded in the mantleSlide88
CuttlefishResemble squids in having eight arms and two tentacles
Flattened body Fins run along the sides of the bodyHave a calcified inner shell that allows them to be buoyant- the shell is the cuttlebone and is sold as a calcium source for birds in pet shops.
Swim over the bottom and feed on invertebrates such as crabs and shrimphttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x-8v1mxpR0Slide89
Nautilus- add inCoiled external shellSeries of gas filled chambers that allows it to maintain buoyancy
Has 60-90 short sucker like tentacles that are used to capture prey.Scavenger and feeds on benthic organisms such as hermit crabshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcyzr3zJol4Slide90
All Cephalopods – add inAll swim by jet propulsion via their siphonCommunicate by moving their arms, bodies, and changing color.
Specialized pigment cells called chromatophores Pigment cells are dispersed = darkerPigment cells are concentrated = lighterSlide91
The Mimic OctopusChanges shape and color to mimic other organisms. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8oQBYw6xxcSlide92
Feeding and Nutrition of CephalopodsCarnivoresLocate prey with their eyes and tentacles
The beak bites and tears preySlide93
Reproduction in Cephalopods
Separate sexesMating involves courtship displays.Male squids have a modified arm that takes their sperm (spermatophore) and places it into the mantle cavity of the female (oviduct).Some species lay eggs in shells, while others attach their eggs to rocks or objects.
Octopuses- lay eggs and incubate them until they hatch, while pumping water over them continuously so that they stay oxygenated. The mothers die afterwards because she eats little to nothing the whole time. She invests everything into her offspring. Slide94
Arthropods- animals with jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda- crabs, sea spiders, lobsters, horseshoe crabs, hermit crabs, etc.Most successful group of animals, 75% of all animal species. Hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and sophisticated sense organs make it successful!Slide95
Exoskeleton-> hard, protective skeleton (on the outside)Made of thin chitin (proteins and sugars)Calcium salts provide strength
Flexible- easy movementMuscles attach to it- efficient movementDrawbacks-> exoskeleton does not grow with animal, they molt, make them soft and susceptible to predators. Slide96
Body of ArthropodsSegmented with jointed appendagesFunction in locomotion
Efficient feedingSensory structures for monitoring the environmentBody ornamentation -> to attract a mate or for camouflage. Slide97
Nervous SystemHighly developed Sense organs allow them to move quickly when environment changes
Capable of learningSlide98
Subphylum- Chelicerates-> spiders, ticks, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
Six pairs of appendagesChelicerae- one pair, and is modified for the purpose of feeding and takes the place of mouthparts.Slide99
Horseshoe CrabsClass- Xiphosura
Live in shallow waters, bays, estuariesLiving fossils and have not changed much3 basic body regions = entire body is carapaceCephalothorax
- largest, obvious appendagesAbdomen- gills are locatedTelson- long spike, used for steering and defense
Carapace- hard outer coveringSlide100
More Horseshoe CrabsMovement-> walking and swimmingFeeding-> worms, mollusks, algae
Pick up food with chelicerae and pass it to the walking legs which crush the food before passing it to the mouth.Slide101
H. CrabsMales are smallerMating season-> one male or many males will attach to the carapace of a female and then they come to shore during high tide to mate and the female digs up the sand with the front of her carapace, depositing eggs in the depression. The male rides on the females back, shed his sperm onto the eggs before they are covered.
Pedipalp-> large set of claws on the males that help the males attach / grab onto the females shell. Slide102Slide103
Subphylum CrustaceaDecapods, mantis shrimp, krill, copepods, amphipods, and barnaclesMandibulates-> paired appendages on the head called mandibles (modified for feeding).
3 Main body regions:Head, thorax, and abdomenSlide104
Sensory antennaeWalking legs that are modified for swimming- also known as swimmerets. Chelipeds are used for reproduction and defenseSmall ones exchange gas through the body and large ones have gills. The gills are feathery structures beneath the carapace.
Molting-> hide away because they are vulnerable. They hide until a new exoskeleton has hardened initiated by hormones in the head caused by changes in environmental conditions (temperature and photoperiod). Mandible and maxillae are used for feedingSlide105
Pistol Shrimphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKPrGxB1Kzc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkY_mSwboMQSlide106Slide107
Order DecapodaCrabs, lobsters, true shrimp
10 feet (five pairs of walking legs)First pair= chelipeds= pincers used for capturing prey and for defense. Largest is the giant spider crab (4 m and 40 pounds)Slide108Slide109
Specialized behaviorsHermit Crabs- jump from shell to shell to accommodate body sizeDecorator Crabs- attach bits of sponges and anemones to carapace for camouflage
Blue Crabs- most powerful and agile swimmers, last pair of legs are like paddles= propellers. Slide110
Hermit CrabsSlide111
Decorator CrabsSlide112
Blue CrabsSlide113
Nutrition and DigestionChelipeds= capture prey
Mandibles= crush foodPlates in stomachs = grind food furtherAlaskan King Crab-> sea stars and bivalvesSnowcrabs-> polycheates, crustaceans, bivalves
Hermit Crabs-> shrimp-> scavengers, detritusFiddler Crabs-> deposit feeders (scoop up mud) filter out organic matter and spit out mineral residue into round pellets.Filter feeders-> mole crabs, porcelain crabs, pea crabs, burrowing shrimpSlide114
ReproductionUsually separate sexes / internal fertilizationMales have special appendages for clasping the female and sperm delivery
They transmit sperm in packets= spermatophoresBrood their eggs into chambersShrimp-> shed their eggs into the waterSlide115
Mantis ShrimpThe second pair of thoracic appendages is enlarged and has a moveable finger that can be extended rapidly to capture prey / defense-> smash or smear prey (blows can break an aquarium)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-ahuZEvWH8Slide116
KrillPelagic ShrimpFilter Feeders
Bioluminescent photophores attract mates in swarms.Main diet of whales, seals, penguins, fish (blue whales eat a ton of krill in one feeding)Literally jump out of their skins to molt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMxY4c5SeIsSlide117
AmphipodsBodies to resemble shrimpBurrowers live in tubes that they buildAppendages are used for jumping, burrowing, or swimming.
Beach fleaSlide118
CopepodsLargest group of small crustaceansThe most abundant zooplankton
Feed on phytoplankton and detritus (filter feeders)Slide119
BarnaclesSessile- only crustacean to be
Class- CirripediaAttach to animals, rocks, boats, shells, corals, and any other solid object in the oceanSlide120
EchinodermsEchinodermata-> means spiny skinned animalsSea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers,
Radial symmetryBenthic- lives on the bottomSlide121
StructureEndoskeleton- spiny covering, internal structure. Below epidermis is composed of calcium carbonate plates (ossicles) that project up = spiny skin
Pedicellarie- tiny, pincers at the base of the spines that project up= spiny skin (clean body and free of parasites)Water vascular system – hydraulic system that functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and excretion.Slide122
Structure ContinuesMadreporite= water entersTube feet= hollow with ampulla (saclike structure)
Ambulacral groove- the sucker at the end of the ampulla Slide123
Class Asteroidea- Sea StarsCentral disk with five armsMouth= underside
From each mouth radiates the ambulacral groove with tiny tube feet. Aboral surface is rough / spiny and is on the opposite the mouth. Slide124Slide125
MovementWater is pumped into the
tube feet from the ampullae which cause them to protect the ambulacral groove. The suckers then hold firmly to solid surfaces while the
muscles in the tube feet contract which forces water back in the ampullae and causing the tube feet to shorten
. Very slow process. Slide126
FeedingCarnivores or scavengersEat fish and invertebrates
Locates prey chemically by kind of “smelling” the substances released by the preyMussels and bivalves- wrap around prey and pries the valves open Sea Star- spits out a portion of its stomach out of its mouth and inserts it into the bivalves mouth and digests the prey. Also releases enzymes to breakdown the food and then retracts back. Slide127
Reproduction and RegenerationFragmentation- a piece breaks off as long as the gonads are in tact it can produce anotherSome can produce a whole new species as long as part of the central disc is present.
Some species are capable of sexual reproductionSlide128
Class OphiuroidsBrittle Stars, basket stars, serpent starsBenthic organisms
Five arms-> slender / distinctLack pedicellarie (pincers)Ambulacral grooves are closedTube feet are used to feeding and locomotion, no suckers
Avoid lightBurrowersSlide129
OphiuroidsBrittle stars -> get their name because they detach one or more arms when disturbed-> arm undulates wildly distracting predators, while the brittle stars move away-> regenerateSlide130
FeedingCarnivores, scavengers, deposit feeders, suspension feeders, filter feedersBrittle-> filter feeders and deposit feeders (eat organic matter on the bottom)
Filter- lift arm in the air and wave it -> releases strands of mucus that form around all of the arms= net= traps planktonBasket stars= suspension feeders= zooplankton -> climb up corals at night and fan their arms toward the current -> coil the arms around it.Slide131
ReproductionCast off or automize (predators)Divide in halfHermaphrodites
External / Internal fertilizationSlide132
Class EchinoideaMeans like a “hedgehog”Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars
Enclosed body by a hard endoskeleton called a testBenthicRocks / buryRegular Echinoids-> sea urchins with long removable spines.
Bilateral irregular Echinoids-> heart urchins and sand dollars. They bury in the sand and the test is small spined (locomotion / cleaning) Slide133Slide134Slide135
Echinoid StructureTube feet project from five pairs of ambulacral areas that are derived from the same embryonic structures as the arms of sea stars, spines from test Spines function in protection
Sexes are separate, external fertilizationSlide136
FeedingMost are grazers scraping the surface with their teethSea urchin-> five teeth called Aristotle's lantern
Sand dollars and heart urchins -> tube feet to pick up foodLift posterior half of its body projecting above the sand. Slide137
Class HolothuroideaSea cucumbers
Elongated bodiesBody wall is leatheryMove slowly using ventral tube feet and muscle contractionsGas exchange- tubules called respiratory trees
Sexes are separateSome brood their eggs in body cavity and larvae leaves via the anusSlide138Slide139
Feeding Deposit or suspension feedersAround the mouth they have 10-30 tentacles that they trap food with. The tentacles are coated with a sticky mucus, so the organisms just get stuck on them and they retract their tentacles back into their mouth. Slide140
BehaviorWhen disturbed some species release Cuverian tubules from their anus that looks like spaghetti. When it touches sea water it becomes sticky.
Eviscerate, which means they release some of their internal organs through either the mouth or anus. Slide141
Crinoids- Class CrinoidaSea lilies, feather stars
Most primitive of Echinoderms, they are aged back to the Paleozoic era (80 species)Free moving -> swim and crawl for short distances / escapeCling to the bottom using a cirriNocturnal (shallow water)
Crawl out of tight spaces its time to feed Suspension feeders-> filter small organisms with tube feet and by mucous nets of the ambulacral grooves (zooplankton / detritus)Regeneration, external fertilizationSeparate sexesSlide142Slide143
What are Echinoderms ecological role? Provide food for humans -> we eat the gonads of sea urchins / sea cucumbers
They are predators of molluscs, other echinoderms, cnidarians, crustaceans, and kelp.Sea cucumbers= medicinal. They produce a poison called holothurin
which suppresses tumor growth and can aid in muscle and nerve problems.Sea urchin roe (ovaries with eggs) sells to Japan for 100-150 per pound= sushiSea urchins destroy kelp beds and lobster pots
Control algae growth, especially on coral reefs.