Leaders of Independence Movements in Africa Ghana Gold Coast1957 Kwame Nkrumah Created the Organization of African Unity OAU and its purpose was to end all colonialism in Africa ID: 745050
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Slide1
After WWII many African countries gained independenceSlide2
Leaders of Independence Movements in Africa
Ghana (Gold Coast)1957
- Kwame NkrumahCreated the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and its purpose was to end all colonialism in AfricaSlide3Slide4Slide5
Kenya 1963
-
Jomo Kenyatta After independence: African countries still rely on Europe as trade partners. Unfavorable Balance of Trade: Import more than they Export causing a Rising Debt.Slide6
South
Africa
For nearly 350 years, Europeans ruled South Africa. South Africa won independence from Britain in 1910, its white citizens alone held political power. To control the nation’s government and economy, whites made a system of apartheid (separation of races) set up in 1948
- live
separately, no voting rights, pass
system. Apartheid required black Africans and other nonwhites to use segregated public facilities and transportation, and forbade
interracial
marriage. Slide7
1912 -
African
National Congress (ANC) Established to help causes in Africa-opposed apartheid & used civil disobedience to fight for causes
-leader in
1962 -
Nelson Mandela,
jailed
from
1964-1990Mandela was the symbol
of
apartheid
-many western countries placed sanctions (stopped trading) & used
disinvestments
with
South
Africa
(used to help end apartheid
-these protests are led by
Desmond Tutu
a civil rights leader.Slide8
Desmond Tutu a civil rights leaderSlide9
1989
F.W.
DeKlerk becomes president, makes many reforms: ended apartheid and segregation, freed Mandela 1994 all could vote for leaders & Mandela elected president of South AfricaProblems since apartheid - regional and
ethnic rivalriesSlide10Slide11
Aim: What economic problems do African nations face after Independence?
Shortage
of skilled labor.2. Ethnic conflict: tribalism=Many Africans had a greater allegiance to their tribe than to nation. This led to conflicts. Slide12
Ex. Civil Wars: 1990’s Rwanda &
Burundi=Hutu majority
& Tutsi minority. UN estimated that between 250,000 & 500,000 Tutsi were slain in civil war. Slide13Slide14
In Before 1994,
Rawanda
was 85% Hutu and 14% Tutsi. Hutu extreamists, supported by government officials, lanched a murderous campaign against the Tutsis.Slide15
In 2002, 53 African countries formed a federation the African Union (AU). Its goals include solving economic, social, political and environmental problems in Africa. AU Members deal with issues such as desertification, AIDS, and famine. The Au also
workd
to control the conflicts between and within African countries. Eventually it plans to create an economic bloc.Slide16
Ex. Somalia: Experienced drought & great
famine. Fighting
among local warlords prevented food aid from reaching the Somalis. 1992 U.S. & other countries sent troops to Somalia for a limited time but forces withdrew when they could not stop the fighting fighting.Slide17
*
**
THIS PUBLIC UNREST DISCOURAGES ECONOMIC INVESTMENT BY FOREIGNERS Slide18
Hunger/Famine (hurt economic growth)
A
. Population growth B. Subsistence farmers=grow only enough food to meet the needs of their families & own livestock. C. Cash Crops: exported to other countries. D. Migration to cities: not enough jobs and public facilities to support migration of people=more hunger & poverty. E. High debt F. Inadequate Transportation systems G. Desertification(soil erosion that dries out land, caused by overgrazing, destruction
of rain
forest) &
drought