Hofstedes approach Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualismcollectivism Masculinityfemininity Bond Based on Chinese data added Confucian work dynamism or Longterm orientation ID: 267712
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Slide1
Culture, gender, and moralitySlide2
Culture
What is it? (and how big is it?)
What are its functions?
Bottom up vs. top down
Dynamic social impact theory (
Latané
, 1996)
Clustering, correlation, consolidation, continuing diversitySlide3
Why should we study culture?
Why is psychology more American than other sciences?
What problems do weird samples pose?
What are examples of some things that are more vs. less universal across cultures? Slide4
Cultural differences in self
Self-concept
Self-concept consistency
Prevention vs. promotion motivations
Multicultural people’s selves
Primary vs. secondary control
Conformity
HonorSlide5
Cultural differences in cognition
Nisbett
, Peng, Choi, &
Norenzayan
,
2001
Analytic (field dependent) vs. holistic thinking (field interdependent)
Attention to background
Categorization
AttributionSlide6
Cultural differences in emotion and relationships
Emotion
Happiness
RelationshipsSlide7
Why do these differences exist? (Miyamoto, 2013)Slide8
Moderators
Situational salience
Diagnosticity
of behaviorSlide9
Power (proximal-distal interactions)
Power’s effects on cognition
Differences in power by culture and effects on cognition
Personal vs. social powerSlide10
General questions
What do these differences mean for our theories?
Why do East Asians show less self serving biases than Westerners
?Slide11
Hofstede’s approach
Power distance
Individualism-collectivism
Masculinity-femininity
Uncertainty avoidance
Bond: Based on Chinese data, added Confucian work dynamism (or Long-term orientation)
Minkov
:
ingulgent
-restraintSlide12
What about levels in different countries? (www.geert-hofstede.com)Slide13
Schwartz world value survey
At individual level (10 values):
Openness to change vs conservation
Self-enhancements vs. self-transcendence
http://changingminds.org/explanations/values/schwartz_inventory.htmSlide14
Schwartz modelSlide15
Tight vs. Loose cultures (Gelfand
et al., 2011
)
How
does this concept relate to the others
?
How do they propose that it develops? (Fig. 1)
Is this a country-level variable?
Gender?
Why are certain countries high or low
? (Table 1)
What other effects might this have?
What does this add to our understanding of culture? Slide16Slide17Slide18Slide19
Gender (
Eagly
,
Nater
, Miller, Kaufmann, &
Sczesny
, 2019)
Sex vs. gender
What does social role theory say?
What are gender stereotypes and how would you expect them to change over time?
Communion
Agency
CompetenceSlide20
More questions
What robustness tests did they do? What effects did they have? (Figure 2)
What did they find? (Figures 1 and 3)
How do they explain the findings?
Are there alternative explanations you can think of? Slide21
Morality
What is morality?
Early research on morality
Piaget (1932)
Kohlberg (1969)
Gillian (1982)
Turiel
(1983)
Haidt
(2001)
Greene et al. (2001)
How useful are hypothetical moral scenarios? Alternatives? Slide22
Moral foundations theory (Haidt
, Graham)
“whole number theory”
Care/harm
Fairness/cheating
Loyalty/betrayal
Authority/subversion
Purity/degradation
(maybe liberty/oppression)
http://www.moralfoundations.org
/
Advantages?
Critiques?Slide23
Dyadic morality model (Gray)
Agent causes intentional harm to a suffering patient
Constructivist approach
Advantages?
Critiques?Slide24
Moral motives model (
Janoff
-Bulman & Carnes)
Proscriptive morality (avoidance)
Prescriptive morality (approach)
Advantages?
Critiques? Slide25
General questions
How would MFT, DTM, and MMM explain the liberal-conservative divide?
What is moral balancing/licensing?
What is the moral conviction idea (
Skitka
)? How do you induce it?
How do morality and emotions relate to each other?
Do you agree with her assessment of the replicability of moral psychology? Slide26
Next week
Social cognition book chapter
System justification
Motivated cognition
Emotional contagion