Unit VIII Motivation, Emotion and Stress - PowerPoint Presentation

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Unit VIII

Motivation, Emotion and Stress

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What motivates you?

Hunger…Thirst…A

sense to belong?Who made a New Years Resolution?

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What is Motivation?

Motivation

 A

need or desire that energizes and directs behaviorInstinct theory, Drive-reduction theory, Arousal theory

and Hierarchy

of needs

Rather than explaining behavior early

instinct

theorist

believed motivation is based on

instinct

A complex behavior that is patterned that is unlearned Instincts in humans Reflexes

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Drives and

Incentives

Drive-reduction theory

(replaced instinct

theory

)

A

physiological need

creates

a

drive

that motivates a behaviorNeed(Food) Drive(hunger) Drive reduction(eat)Not only are we pushed by drive reduction,

but we are pulled by incentives(positive/negative stimuli)

The goal of drive-reduction is

homeostasis

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Optimum Level of Arousal

All

of our biological needs are satisfied

Some motivated behavior actually increase arousal, for example if you eat you are more likely to be

active

When bored, we attempt to reach this

optimum

level

Yerkes-Dodson Law



moderate arousal will led to optimal performance, but beyond that performance decreases

*******To much stimulation(overeating) can cause stress, and a need to decrease arousal

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A Hierarchy of

Motives

Some needs take priority over others

Maslow’s H

ierarchy

of

Needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that

we must satisfy

before our higher level needs/wants

We

must satisfy the bottom parts of the pyramid before we move on to the topThe hierarchy is NOT universally fixed

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A Hierarchy of Motives

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Finding meaning in difficult times (Interview with Dr. Viktor

Frankl) Post Online

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A Hierarchy of Motives

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Hunger as a Motivator

Hunger is not just something we do to satisfy a biological need, but we also do it to socialize or to relieve boredom.

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The Psychology of

Hunger

Hunger is not only a physical motivator but a psychological one as wellThink shopping on an empty stomach It is obvious people deprived of food will be hungry…but what causes hunger?

Washburn Study A.L. Washburn agreed to swallow a balloon attached to a recording device that would monitor his stomach pain based on contractions

and he would push a button when he felt hungry

The

answer…YES

the contractions

often

lead to hunger

pains demonstrating their link as a motivator

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The Physiology of

Hunger

The Brain

Your body keeps tabs on energy taken in and released A major source of energy is

glucose

When

glucose

is

low, we feel hunger

Insulin

 keeps blood sugar from getting to highHypothalamus signals to the body it’s time to eat, if stimulated we will overeat, if suppressed we starveLateral hypothalamus the desire to eatVentromedial hypothalamus the feeling of satisfaction

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The Physiology of Hunger

The BrainOur bodies appetite hormones suggest we almost have a

“weight thermostat” When we fall below our “normal” weight we are singled to eat, as weight increases hunger decreases while energy increases This movement around a certain point is known as our “set point”, which is partially heredity

Our

basal metabolic rate

also varies between individuals, measures how much energy is used

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The Psychology of Hunger

Taste

Our brain is not the only factor when dealing with hunger, we also have a large say based on taste Carbs release serotonin calming Much of our taste is based on our culture Religion

Westerners would never think to eat a bug for protein

Most individuals try to avoid unfamiliar foods

Neophobia

(dislike of the unfamiliar) likely an adaptive trait

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Situational Eating

Most people eat more when they are with others

(social facilitation) Buffet Effect leads to people eating more food when

more food is presentedFood variety also stimulates eating

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The Psychology of Obesity

Over 1/3

rd (78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past 30 years, and those children are 60% more likely to be bullied25% of adults and 80% of adolescents are not active enough

Link between $ and obesity The National Institute of Health finds obesity can shorten life expectancy by 6-14 yearsGastric bypass

surgery

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The

Effects

of ObesityWeight discrimination(

Job market? Do looks matter)

Studies have shown weight bias is often more prevalent than

gender/race

I eat because I’m depressed, I’m depressed because I eat

Individuals with obesity are 25

%

more likely to experience a mood disorder  

“The Freshman 15” food/activity factor Slowed metabolism, sleep loss, social influence, food consumption and activity levelLoosing the Weight Realistic and moderate goals, success stories, attitudinal changes

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Sexual Motivation

What role does nature and nurture play in gender development

?What are gender roles? When do they develop, and who is responsible for them?Chapter 8 Exam-Friday February 7th

 20-25 MC + FRQ

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The Physiology of Sex

Sexual response cycle

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution phaseSexual dysfunctions such as erectile disorder

can disrupt this cycle

Sex hormones have two effects

The direct the development

of sexual

characteristics and activate

sexual behavior

Estrogen and testosterone

Boys and girls are maturing about 3 years earlier than they were 100 years ago(avg. age of maturation 12)

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The Psychology of Sex

Hunger and sex are different types of motivators, where hunger is a need sex more a want

External stimuli

Though it is often portrayed men have a much more dominate sex drive, studies have shown they are in fact very similar Today we see stimuli in movies, TV shows, on the internet, in magazines and posters

Imagined stimuli

It is said our brain is our most significant sex organ

Dreams and sexual fantasies both originate from our brain

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What are the major topics studied?

Have teen pregnancy rates gone up?

After years of increases in the 1970s and 1980s, the teen pregnancy rate peaked in 1990Rates have declined steadily

sinceToday, teen pregnancy rates have reached historic lows

Sexual

orientation

Recent polls suggest that 3-4% of men and 1-2% of women are

LBGT

Question is not what causes homosexuality, but what causes different sexual orientations

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What is the difference between gender and sex?

Gender

Combination of our body parts, feelings along with a

social elementFor some people, how they feel on the inside doesn’t match their sexual body partsSex

An individuals sex refers to the biological differences between males and females

Not referring to an individuals sexual orientation

Question is not what causes homosexuality, but what causes different sexual orientations

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David Reimer

Born as Bruce Reimer a twin brother to Brian

At 8 months old an unsuccessful circumcision led significant damage of “Bruce’s” genitaliaTurned to Dr. James Money who promoted the social learning theory that a child’s gender identity

was determined by environmental variables not nature Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own genderThe decision was made to raise Bruce Brenda…told the truth at 12 and became David

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David Reimer(full)

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Social Motivation

Why is it so important for

us as humans to belong?

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The Need

to Belong

The need to belong appears to be a basic human motivationStudies have found a greater correlation between happiness and relationships than happiness and wealthA majority of our social decisions are made with the goal of belonging/conforming to social standards

We want to feel as though we are part of a group, it is why leaving a group is so difficultConsider our societies forms of punishments…exile, imprisonment, solitary confinement, time-out detention…what do they all have in common Ostracism

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Social Networking

There are more cell phones than people in the United States today, 84% of 12-17 years owns a cell phone

Texting and e-mail are now the preferred form of communication 95% of American age college students use Twitter and Facebook daily Are we more or less socially isolated?Social media has helped to strengthen our friend and family relationships

But they are making us more isolated in terms of the way we spend our free time

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Managing

online behavior and screen time

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Discussion

 Manage your Social Media

How much time a day do you spend on social media?What are you doing when on social media?How emotionally distracted are you when using social media?How often do you turn your cell phone off?Have you ever delated all or some of your social media sites? Why? How long?

Does social media make you happy?

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Theories and Physiology of Emotion

What comes first the chicken or the

egg?

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What is Emotion?

Emotion

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Common sense theoryFirst comes conscious awareness followed by a bodily response/feeling

We cry because were sad

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Theories of Emotion

James-Lange theory

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Otherwise meaning our CNS must be activated before we feel an emotion

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Theories of Emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Otherwise meaning the CNS and our emotional response occur SIMULTANEOSULY

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Theories of Emotion

Two-factor theory

The Schachter-Singer theory

says that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Otherwise meaning our CNS must be activated as well as our own acknowledgement of an emotion before we feel an emotion

One outcome of this theory was the

spillover effect

Imagine arriving home after a great workout and then receiving news you got into your dream college

Would your reaction be more intense than if you received that same news first thing in the morning

Arousal fuels emotion…cognition channels it

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THEORIES OF

EMOTION

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Cognition and Emotion

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

You hurt someone’s feelings, and find out you have a pop quiz, so you start to cram and become distracted

But this negative feeling still lingers, but you can’t place it now that you were distracted Some emotional response such as likes, dislikes and fears involve no conscious thinking

H

ighly emotional people usually feel they are being targeted and will often generalize situations to involve themselves

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How do we express emotion?

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Non-Verbal Communication

As humans a majority of our communication occurs non-verbally, from a firm handshake to a hug

Most of us can identify non-verbal cues with ease, especially regarding threats or angerAnger is the most readily detected emotion across languages We also identify though non-verbal cues who is portraying real of fake emotionsFake vs a real smile or laugh It is nearly impossible even for “experts” to tell a lie by body language alone

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Gender and Emotion

Does each gender have “rules” for emotional expression?

Women have greater emotional literacy, which also contributes to their greater emotional responsivenessWomen surpass men’s ability to pick out non-verbal cues and develop personal relationships One exception to that is anger, imagine an angry face…what gender is the person? Women are also more emphatic than men, which leads viewing things like movies more deeply

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Culture and Emotion

The meaning of

gestures varies across culturesFor the most part a smile is a smile(universal cue)Darwin believed non-verbal cues are how our ancestors communicated before languageThough we share a common “face language” these can differ based on your culture

It was initially believed, you look as you want to feel which is known as facial feedbackThe tendency of facial muscles to influence

corresponding

feeling such as

happiness, similar

research has been done on behavior

feedback

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Stress and Health

85 % of college students recall experiencing stress within the last 3 months

When polling high school students 18% of men and 41% of women recall experiencing stress within the last 3 months

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What is Stress?

Those who study how stress, health and unhealthy behaviors influence us often study

Health Psychology Stress

 The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we view

as threatening or

challenging

Stressor vs stress

reaction

Short lived stressors can have a positive effect

People who stress but are not depressed report being more energized and feel more satisfied with their lives

Prolonged stressors can harm us(PTSD)

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Stressors in our Lives

Catastrophes

 unpredictable, large-scale events

Examples- 9/11 & Hurricane Katrina

Significant

life

changes

 life transitions

Examples- New job, graduating college, death in the family

Daily

hassles

 events that do not change our lives but create a hassle Examples- Car trouble, traffic, etc.

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The

Stress

Response System

Selye’s General adaptation syndrome

(GAS)

Phase 1



Alarm

Heart rate increases, blood is diverted to vital organs and you may feel “shock”

Body is ready to face challenge

Phase 2

 ResistanceTemperature, blood pressure and respiration rate remain high, possibly deplete body’s reserves Phase 3 ExhaustionMore vulnerable to illness and in extreme cases death The human body deals well with temporary stress, but prolonged stress can damage it

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Stress and Disease

Stress has been closely linked to

coronary heart disease

North America’s leading cause of death The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart

muscle

Type

A versus Type B

Type

A-

More likely to deal with heart issues

The term for competitive, pessimistic

, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone peopleType B- On average lives a longer life Term for easygoing, relaxed people

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Stress and

Disease

Psychophysiological illnessesLiterally

, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headachesPsychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The

study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

There is a clear and defined link between your physical and mental health

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Stress and Disease

Stressed individuals are more vulnerable to colds, it does not make us sick but it weakens our immune system

Stress and AIDS/Cancer Stress cannot obviously cause the disease, but it can speed up the disease Support groups and therapies have had positive effects as wellBottom line, stress and a negative mindset can only hurt the patient and while a positive mindset does not guarantee anything quality of life can improve

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