Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion Introduction Why study Motivation amp Emotion together Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate direct and maintain behaviour usually towards some goal ID: 586902
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Slide1
Theories of Motivation
Chapter 12 Motivation and EmotionSlide2
Introduction
Why study Motivation
&
Emotion together
?
Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct and maintain behaviour, usually towards some goal.
Emotion
refers to a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values and expectations), and expressive behaviours (smiles, frowns, and running).
We
study them together because they are inseparable.Slide3
Biological Theories
Instinct
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Arousal
TheorySlide4
1. Instinct
Theory
(
William
James
1890)
Complex
behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Instincts
: fixed, unlearned, genetically programmed patterns of
behavior
Examples
of human
behaviors are rooting
, sucking, and
graspingSlide5
2. Drive-Reduction
Theory (Clark Hull)
Drive reduction theory is about motivation starting with a physiological need that directs a drive towards behavior that will satisfy the need and once it is met the state of balance also known as homeostasis is restored and that motivation decreases.
Drives
are
internal
conditions that relate to survival
needs
The
drive state builds as deprivation continues
Behavior
is geared to reduce the need or deficit
Eating
, drinking, and breathing Slide6
3. Arousal Theory
Organisms are
motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal or stimulation that maximizes
performance and that performance
is diminished when arousal is too high or too low
.
Ex
. When we are too aroused and become anxious you tend to be less likely to do well on a test “freeze up”. Whereas if you are under aroused and sleepy you can make careless
mistakes
.Slide7
Psychosocial Theories
Incentive Theory
Cognitive TheoriesSlide8
1. Incentive Theory
Motivation results from external stimuli that pulls the organism in certain direction.
Incentives
: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour.
Opposite
of Drive Reduction Theory because
according to the DRT internal factors push people in certain directions
.
Ex. The
sight of apple pie pulls us to eat a piece.
Ex. The
sight of something gross would drive us away from
eating
.Slide9
2. Cognitive Consistency
T
heory
Motivation
is directly affected by attributions or how we interpret or
think
about our own and others actions
.
Ex. If
we receive a high grade on a test and believe that this grade was the result of hard work, we would be motivated to study hard again.
Ex. The
opposite would be if
you thought you
just “lucked
out”Slide10
Biopsychosocial Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic Theory)Slide11
1. Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic Theory)
This theory suggests that lower motives
must
be met before advancing to higher
needs.
Abraham
Maslow's
Hierarchy
of
Needs
Each
successive level of the hierarchy is addressed only after the preceding level's needs have been
met
The
ultimate goal is self-actualization, which is complete fulfillment of one's potential
to
find
self-fulfilment
.Slide12
Psychological Needs Explained
Physiological Needs:
Need to satisfy hunger
and thirst.
Safety Needs:
Need to
feel
secure, safe and stable.
Belonging and Love Needs:
Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, avoid loneliness and alienation.
Esteem
Needs:
Need for self esteem, achievement, competence, independence, respect from others.
Self-
Actualization Needs
:
Need to live up to ones fullest and unique potential.Slide13
Achievement Motivation
Chapter 12 Motivation & EmotionSlide14
Achievement Motivation
The
desire for significant accomplishment, excellence or success that constantly motivated
behaviour.
Marked
by moderately difficult but achievable
goals as its success
may not lie in ability, but rather in
motivation.Slide15
Causes
Birth Order
First born vs. second born… third born?
Cultural Influences
Collectivist societies encourage group success
Individualistic societies encourage individual success Slide16
Causes
2. Parenting (Can
e
nhance achievement motivation)
Parents who emphasize excellence and provide affection for achievement.
Encouraging children to attempt difficult tasks.
Providing strategies to succeed rather than discouraging complaints about failures.
Give praise and appropriate rewards for success.
Encouraging the child to accept new challenges after success.Slide17
Causes
3. Belief/Expectation
“What your mind can conceive and believe you can achieve.”
Conviction of self-efficacy (a persons belief in their own competence
.Slide18
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation:
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective.
Extrinsic Motivation:
the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Can we think of some examples of both types of Motivation?Slide19
Keys to Motivating Others
Create intrinsic rewards
Identify people’s motives
Set clear goals
Have the right leadership style