Understanding Cancer and Related Topics - PowerPoint Presentation

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Understanding Cancer and Related TopicsUnderstanding Cancer

Developed by:Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D.Donna Kerrigan, M.S.Jeanne KellyBrian HollenDiscusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease.

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What Is Cancer?

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Different Kinds of Cancer

Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men)

Some common

sarcomas:

Fat

Bone

Muscle

Lymphomas:

Lymph nodes

Leukemias:

Bloodstream

Some common carcinomas:

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Naming Cancers

Prefix Meaningadeno- glandchondro- cartilageerythro- red blood cellhemangio- blood vesselshepato- liverlipo- fatlympho- lymphocytemelano- pigment cellmyelo- bone marrowmyo- muscleosteo- bone

Cancer Prefixes Point to Location

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Loss of Normal Growth Control

Cancer cell divisionFourth orlater mutation

Third mutation

Second mutation

First mutation

Uncontrolled growth

Cell Suicide or Apoptosis

Cell damage—

no repair

Normal

cell division

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Example of Normal Growth

Cell migrationDermis

Dividing cells in basal layer

Dead cells

shed from

outer surface

Epidermis

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The Beginning of Cancerous Growth

Underlying tissue

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Tumors (Neoplasms)

Underlying tissue

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Invasion and Metastasis

3Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location1Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels2Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites

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Malignant versus Benign Tumors

Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sitesTime

Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

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Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous

Melanoma cells travel through bloodstreamMelanoma(initial tumor)

Brain

Liver

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Genes and Cancer

Chromosomes are DNA moleculesHeredity

Radiation

Chemicals

Viruses

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DNA Structure

DNA molecule

Chemical

bases

G

C

T

A

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DNA Mutation

AdditionsDeletions

Normal gene

Single base change

DNA

C

T

A

G

C

G

A

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T

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Oncogenes

Mutated/damaged oncogeneOncogenes accelerate cell growth and division

Cancer cell

Normal cell

Normal

genes

regulate

cell growth

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Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth

ReceptorNormal Growth-Control Pathway

DNA

Cell proliferation

Cell nucleus

Transcription

factors

Signaling enzymes

Growth factor

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Oncogenes are

Mutant Forms of Proto-OncogenesCell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signalingTranscription

Activated gene regulatory protein

Inactive intracellular signaling protein

Signaling protein from active oncogene

Inactive growth factor receptor

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Normal genes prevent cancerRemove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes

Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes

Damage to

both genes

leads to

cancer

Cancer cell

Normal cell

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Act Like a Brake PedalTumor Suppressor Gene Proteins

DNA

Cell nucleus

Signaling

enzymes

Growth factor

Receptor

Transcription

factors

Cell proliferation

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p53 Tumor Suppressor ProteinTriggers Cell Suicide

Normal cellCell suicide(Apoptosis)

p53 protein

Excessive DNA damage

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DNA Repair Genes

CancerNo cancer

No DNA repair

Normal DNA repair

Base pair mismatch

T

C

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G

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Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations

Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sitesMore mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic diseaseProto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes

Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes

Cells proliferate

Mutation inactivates suppressor gene

Benign tumor cells

grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

Time

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Mutations and Cancer

Genes Implicated in Cancer

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Cancer Tends to

Corrupt Surrounding EnvironmentGrowth factors = proliferationBlood vessel

Proteases

Cytokines

Matrix

Fibroblasts, adipocytes

Invasive

Cytokines, proteases = migration & invasion

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