St Petersburg 2528 April 2010 Agenda of the concluding session What Next What did we learn Publication plans Funding issues after 2010 ID: 160442
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Slide1
IMAGES CONSORTIUM MEETINGSt Petersburg 25-28 April 2010
Agenda of the
concluding
session:
What
Next
?
What
did
we
learn
?
Publication
plans
?
Funding
issues
:
after
2010?
Further
meetings
?Slide2
Why do we need
a
sociology of addiction? What we have learned.Slide3
Theories of Addiction
State of the
artWhy does not brain science do the job
?
Because
the
effects
of
cultural
interaction
(
Hacking
)
are
real
(
e.g
.
People
die,
go
to
prison
,
feel
pain,
defect
babies
)
because
of
them
Why
does
not
ordinary
social
constructionism
(
labelling
, social
definitions
of the
problem
)
do
the
job
?
because
the
cultural
interaction
effects
on the
addicted
desire
itself
are
also
real
Why
does
not
the
public
health
point
of
view
do
the
job
?
Because
addictions
are
not
only
a
policy
issue
but
a social
phenomenon
in a
wider
sense
Slide4
Images and representations
the
Moskowici aproach the Images approachSulkunen, P. Between culture and nature: intoxication in cultural studies of alcohol and drug use.
Contemporary Drug Problems 29
, Summer 2002 24, 7/2002.
Sulkunen
, P. & Rantala, V. : Is
Problem
Gambling
Just a Big
Problem
Or
Also
an
Addiction
?
Addiction
Res. &
Theory
,
submitted
Feb
2010.
are
not
contradictory
but
complementary
images
are
not
representations
representations
are
often
relevantSlide5
nature
nature
culture
culture
elaborated
raw
rotten
”other”: non-adult
”other”:non-subject
”us”:subjects
progression
regression
Sulkunen
, P.:
Images
of
Addiction
.
Representations
of
Addictions
in
Films
.
Addiction
Res. &
Theory
2007
, Vol. 15 Issue 6, pp. 543-559.Slide6
Representing Passions without a
Name
(Varpu) A paradoxHistoricity vs. production of cinematic ”
effects
”
The
role
of ”the
mental
moment
” in
production of effects
on irresistible desire, fear and disgust
(the abject)Slide7
Difference and equality (Irina et al.)
Focus groups: substance use is part of identity construction
Agency
:
free
will
!
Autonomy
contra
intimacy
, esp.
tobacco! Sickness vs. own responsibility
, esp gambling & internetSlide8
The Images Theory (Maija &…)
The
imagery of ”learning”: agency, progress (Endotactic)
modalities
and the
issue
of
agency
A.
Magical
skills
to control
the gameAttribution of logic
attribution of agencyB. How to control
oneselfCONCLUSION: to be a good
player involves a competence (and a will)
addicted behaviour involves
a LEARNING process i.e. is a product of culture,
which dissipates in the addiction
processIn the eyes of others
In the experience of the addict
Slide9
The Images Theory ctd.(…Matias
& …)
Different kinds of money are different
vehicles
of
will
,
competence
,
ability
and
obligation
Chance games controlling one’s
budget controlling chance and
fate (magical skills) Skill
games in the gamemanaging money
CONCLUSION: the imaginary dimensions of the fascination
of play are VERY diverse!
But the same dissipation of
their cultural articulations
are most likely to
take place in the addictive
processSlide10
The Images Theory ctd.(…& Virve)
The
addict is the Other: who is described as someone
who
has
lost
the
modal
quality that
gives meaning to the activity
which involves a loss of agency
But it still is a complicated
semiotic process which involves
always a point of viewSlide11
Fear theory(Anja & Irina)
Familiarity
reduces fear, in general (immigrants, religion, ethnicity, etc. ) Legal OR media
attention
increases
fear
to the
extent
that
personal
experience increases rahter than
decreases fearOlder people and
women see substance use as a
threatProfessionals less opitmistic
than lay about healing in RU!!!Slide12
Fear theory (Kari)
Two
factor model: A threats to security; B social
equality
.
All
addictions
belong
to A!
So
they
are frightening, rather than
public health issuesThis
is why addiction probems are
not about rational planning
but imaginary images; they are
therefore sensitive to imaginary ”
facts”, political conjunctures etc.Note:
Baltica study by J Simpura. There
are other survey-based studies on
rank orders of social problems (ask Olli Kangas)Slide13
Help TheoryFinns
are afraid of substances both lay and professionals
doubt
help and
self-help
in the case of
alcohol
,
opiates
,
prescription
drugs and
amphetamines but not tobacco
Compulsory treatment more acceptable
and number of dont know answers
was higher among lay
than profIgnorance increases stress
of treatment motivation and compulsory
treatment?Urgency (motivation + compulsory) is associated
with the fact that addictions
are felt to be a threat to security
Lay people think that
professionals should be in charge
, not themselves (who are
victims
)
OBS! The
above
points
towards
the
victims
theory
,
which
again
couples
it
with
the
contradiction
between
autonomy
and
intimacySlide14
Help theory contd.
In
Ru professionals are in favour of isolation of addicts,
more
strict
than
lay
personsSlide15
Sickness Theory (Laurence)
Heroine,
cocaine, cocaine are considered dangerous; others
considerably
less
Still
few
people
believe
that drug free society is
possibleStereotypes: heroine users are
sick, lack will and have
family problems, have no place in society
, are parasite, are dangerous
Insecurity is the most important problem
(49%); poverty 33.6%, unemployment 32% even
strongly medicalised view
of addictions does not
eliminate the threat they
present to society (cf. c
ontagious diseases) Slide16
The Materialist Tradition (Arto)
”
medicalisation” in the Illich/Foucault sense does not apply to early
19th c
approach
to
alcohol
”
alcoholism
” as an
enitity
does
not apply either: causative
loss of reason, a. in the etiology of different
ailments, alcohol as part of materia
medicaEmpirical science of man since the mid
18th c.: holism, mind&body, medicine pushed into
society (?), typologies of humans Slide17
The Materialist Tradition contd.
Symptomatology
, etiology, sense of history (civilization critique,
alcohol
historicized
,
Trotter
:
drunkenness
a
disease
, causing
other diseases and a disease of the mind
Huss: availability, beliefs and customs
, moral corruption; acquired desire
; physical ailments; therepeutic pessimism; ”
alcohol policy” clinics, specialised
institutions, heredity, bad nature
, laboratory chemistry (cf. interest in the
liver)Slide18
The Institutional Theory: Clinical
Gaze in France and Finland (Michael)Minor quantitative differences between
FR and FI
Clear
difference
in
emphasis
in
what
GPs
say: alcoholic as a patient vs
social problemPeer help vs professional
medical help Work, friends,
family as ”therapy” vs. Medical help the psychiatric
black box for both Abstinence: no pronounced
differences longue durée
? Slide19
The Medical Ambivalence (Chantal)
The
patients’ suffering: medical ethics concerning
the
GP’s
role
Debate
on
whether
we
can do, but not
whether we shouldPolicy opinions
are often Hussian: availability
theory, Involuntary treatment/tutelage is a real
optionHelp for helpers! Training, specialists,
institutions, the Police, the Legislator, Associations Slide20
The Gender Aspect (Chantal)
Danger
, clear awareness of the gendered consequences of alcoholism
What
about
other
addictions
?