D juma Nsanzimana Environmental Education Officer Rwanda Environment Management Authority REMA Outline Introduction Environment and its importance to humankind Env nd Sustainable Development ID: 797301
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Slide1
Environment Management in Rwanda: Policy, practice and lesson learnt
D
juma Nsanzimana
Environmental Education Officer
Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA)
Slide2Outline
Introduction: Environment and its importance to humankind
Env
nd
Sustainable
Development
Current issues in environmental Management
Policies, strategies and laws
related to environment
, climate change
issues and
sustainable development
Slide3Introduction
Why should we manage the environment?
Slide4What is the Environment?
4
Natural resources
Human being
Human activities
-
Bodiversity
(Animals, plants, Forests….)
-
Non living
things
(soil and subsoil, water, air, hills,
Forest, infrastructures, houses, vehicles, industries, roads, chemicals, clothes…
Slide5Why should we manage the environment?
Environmental Management (EM)
is
defined as “
the management of interaction by the modern human societies with, and impact upon
the
environment”.
EM = the sum of [politics (networking)+ programs (projects)+ resources (money, facilities, etc.)]
Therefore, EM is not the conservation of the environment solely for the environment's sake, but rather the conservation of the environment for humankind's
sakeEM = relationships of human environment
+ the bio-physical environment (biotic & abiotic)
Slide6“Interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development
Slide7Current Issues in Environmental Management in Rwanda
Slide8Main environmental challenges in Rwanda
Soil erosion (
Isuri
ikabije
ku misozi )Wetlands degradation (Kwangiza
ibishanga) Improper disposal of wastes (Kumena imyanda ahabonetse hose)Unsustainable Mining (Ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, imicanga
n’ibumba mu kajagari) Construction and agriculture on the lakes and rivers shores (Kubaka no
guhinga mu nkengero z’ibiyaga n’imigezi )Excessive use of pasticides and fertilizers (Ikoreshwa rikabije
ry’imiti yica udukoko n’inyongeramusaruro)Release of pollutants into atmosphere by transport and industrial activities (Kohereza imyuka ihumanya mu
kirere)Unsustainable forests harvesting (Kwangiza amashyamba)Use of plastic in packaging (Amasashe agikoreshwa hamwe
na hamwe)There has been an unplanned settlements without wastes or storm water management systems (Imiturire mu kajagari
nta buryo bwo gutunganya
imyanda no kuyobora amazi)Destruction of the vegetation planted on lakes and rivers shores to restore degraded ecosystems (Kwangiza
ibimera biterwa ku nkengero z’ibiyaga n’imigezi)
Slide9Climate Change
Slide10Slide11carbon sink
Mitigation
vs
Adaptation
CO
2
carbon source
increased frequency and severity of hazards
increased impacts
increased vulnerability
global warming & climate change
Slide12CO
2
carbon source
carbon sink
increased frequency and severity of hazards
impact
vulnerability
adaptation
mitigation
decrease sources
increase sinks
reduce vulnerability and impacts
global warming & climate change
Mitigation
vs
Adaptation
Slide13Climate Change
mainstreaming
considering and addressing the effects a changing climate will have on our goals and strategies in all of our plans
Slide14Climate change is making floods, fires and droughts more frequent and severe
Extensive damage to water supply and sanitation infrastructure, including pipelines and pumping stations
Roads
and other infrastructures damaged by
flooding
Losses of crops and stock from heavy rains and floods
Food shortages from crop losses affected children’s health
Increased incidence of water-borne diseases following flooding
Schooling of children disrupted by destroyed roads, as well as demands for children to trek for clean water
Reduced hydropower production from low water levels
Increased time spent searching for water in rural areas
Climate change is affecting businesses and economies at home and around the world
Some damage to health facilities from heavy rains
Loss of income from industries that reduced production because of power shortages
OBSERVED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
Slide15Obseved
impacts of climate change in
rwanda
Slide16Observed impacts of climate change in my district
Flooded roads in
Nyabihu
(12th Sep 2007) and
Nyandungu
(23
rd
Jan 2010)
Destruction of unplanned urban (Kigali) settlement due to heavy rains and Floods in the Hotel La
Palisse
compound (Photo of 23
rd
January 2010)
Slide17Pollution
Pollution
Air
Water
Land
Noise Pollution
production
of unwanted sounds that are annoying, distracting or damaging to one’s hearing
.
Slide18What is noise pollution?
Any
unwanted sound that penetrates the environment is noise
pollution.
In general,
noise pollution refers to any noise irritating to one's ear which comes from an external source.
Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations
.
Slide19Sources of noise pollution
Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas.
Construction
of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
Industrial
noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.
Loud
speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution
Slide20Noise measurement
Slide21Permanent damage begins after 8-hour exposure
Noise Levels (in dbA)
85
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Normal breathing
Quiet rural area
Rainfall
Vacuum cleaner
Lawn mower
Rock music
Earphones at loud level
Whisper
Quiet room
Normal conversation
Average factory
Chain saw
Military rifle
Thunderclap (nearby)
Air raid siren
Boom cars
Noise Pollution
Slide22Level of tolerance
Normal level of tolerance is 80dbA.
Sound level below and above this is considered to be as noise pollution.
Slide23Effects of noise pollutionThere are about 25000 hair cells in our ear which create wave in our ear, responding to different levels of frequencies.
With increasing levels of sound the cells get destroyed decreasing our ability to hear the high frequency sound
(even the Hearing Loss)
Slide24Be cautious from today
Irreversible hearing loss. Sleep Disturbance
Blood
pressure rise of 5 to 10 mmHg on 8
hrs
of exposure to even 70
db of sound level.Hearing loss begins at 80- 90
dbA. 140 dbA is painful and 180 dbA can even kill a person.Amplified rock music is 120 dbA.Most of the electronic vehicles and motors are above 80 dbA level.High noise levels may interfere with the natural cycles of animals, including feeding behavior, breeding rituals and migration paths.
Slide25Symptoms of occupational hearing loss
Feeling of fullness in the ear.
Sounds may seem muffled.
Cannot hear high frequency sounds.
Ringing in the ears while listening to the high frequency sounds.
Loud noise for a long period of time, or sudden burst of sound can cause occupational hearing loss.
Hearing that does not return after an acute noise injury is called a permanent threshold shift
.
Slide26Actions taken and to be taken
There are a variety of effective strategies for mitigating adverse sound levels
use
of noise barriers.
limitation
of vehicle speeds
alteration
of roadway surface texture.limitation of heavy duty vehiclesuse
of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, innovative tire design and other Community development or urban management should be done with long-term planning, along with an aim to reduce noise pollution.
Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution
Slide27Legislation
Noise Regulation Rules
by Rwanda Standards Board on noise:
Industrial- 75db (day) and 70db (night)
Commercial- 65
db
(day) and 55
db (night)Residential zones- 55 db (day) and 45 db (nights)Zones of silence 50 db (day) and 40 db
(night)No public address system after 10:00 pm and before 06:00 am.
Slide28What can I do to make a difference??
Persuade
Taking the help of police.
Why not Observing
car free day on 22
nd
of September (depends on country and area)
Creating awareness about the ill effects of noise pollution.Promising oneself not to be the part of pollution creator.
Slide29Policies, strategies and laws for environment, climate change and sustainable development
Slide30Vision 2020 and EDPRS 2
Objective of Vision 2020:
Transforming
the country into a knowledge based middle income:
reducing poverty, health problems, and making the nation united and democratic.
Environment considered as a cross cutting issueProvisions in EDPRS (2013-2018)Environment and Climate Change: Areas of attention mainstreaming environmental sustainability into productive and social sectors and reducing vulnerability to climate change.
3/16/2016
30
Slide31Vision 2020, EDPRS2, and Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy
Pillars of the VISION 2020
Cross-cutting areas of VISION 2020
Good governance and a capable state
Human resource development and a knowledge based economy
A private sector-led economy
Infrastructure development
Productive and Market Oriented Agriculture
Regional and International Economic integration
Gender
equalit
Protection of environment and sustainable natural resource management Science and technology, including ICT
Slide32Some targets of Vision 2020
The 2008 revision of Vision
2020 target for GDP per capita has been
revised from
USD 900 to USD
1240
(implication for environment management).T
he target for percentage of population below poverty line which is 20% in 7YGP while it was 30% in Vision 2020 Rwanda projects that by 2020, at least 75% (from was 35% in the Vision 2020) of the population will be connected to electricity (up from 2% in 2000 and 11% in 2010) and the consumption of wood will
decrease from the current 86.3% to 50% of national energy consumption.In 2010, 74.2% of Rwandans have access to clean water. Rwanda will continue to invest in protection
and efficient management of water resources, as well as water infrastructure development to ensure that by 2020 all Rwandans have access to clean water.By 2020, the rural and urban areas are to have sufficient sewerage and disposal systems. Each town is to be endowed with an adequate unit for treating solid wastes. Households will have mastered and be
practicing measures of hygiene and waste disposal (what is the current situation in our homes?)Rwanda will continue to put in place strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change by focusing on developing eco-friendly policies and strategies in all sectors of the economy and by promoting green growth.
Slide33Low Carbon
Growth
Economic
and rapid population growth will lead to large increase in energy, transportation and food requirements and GHGs.
In
Rwanda
electricity
is not the major source of future national emissions – transport & agriculture are most important.
Low carbon development pathway could provide significant economic
opportunities, strongly in Africa’s self-interest.
Failure to do so will ‘lock-in’ future economic growth to high emissions.
Reduce opportunities for future low carbon finance.Low carbon growth has co-benefits
reducing
energy imports, enhancing energy security, improving air quality and health, reducing pressure on natural resources.
Slide34Th
e N
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Green
Grow
th and
Clima
te Re
silien
ce S
trategy: 14 programmes of actionSustainable intensification of
small
scale
farming
Agricultural
diversity
for
local
and
export
markets
Integrated
W
ater
Resource Management and PlanningSustainable Land Use
Management
and Planning
Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid
Sustainable small-scale energy
installations in rural areasGreen industry
and private sector
investment
Slide35Th
e N
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Green
Grow
th and
Clima
te Re
silien
ce S
trategy: 14 programmes of actionClimate compatible mining
Efficient
r
esilient
transport
systems
Low carbon
urban
settlements
Ecotourism,
Conservation
and
PES
P
r
omotion Sustainable forestry, agr
ofor
estry and biomass
energyDisaster Management and Disease PreventionClimate
data and pr
ojections
Slide36Some initiatives, achievements and lesson learnt
Policies and regulations coupled with law enforcement (inspections/audits)
Environment and Climate Change Fund
Habitat restoration (
esp
fragile ecosystems
eg Rugezi
wetland) Green Villages Some projects eg NYEP, PEI, DEMPGreening schools
Slide37to
enable learners grow up with positive mentalities about environmental conservation
Slide38Thanks for your partnership in Environment Protection in Rwanda
For more info, log on
www.rema.gov.rw