Chapter 17 Reconstruction plans Section 1 Key Terms Reconstruction Amnesty Radical Adjust Reconstruction Debate Southern states because they left the union had to be readmitted The economy and society of the destroyed South had to be rebuilt ID: 385432
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Slide1
Reconstruction and the New South
Chapter 17Slide2
Reconstruction plans
Section 1Slide3
Key Terms
ReconstructionAmnesty
Radical
AdjustSlide4
Reconstruction Debate
Southern states because they left the union had to be readmitted.The economy and society of the destroyed South had to be rebuilt
This period of rebuilding is called
Reconstruction
.
This term also refers to the various plans for readmitting the Southern states to the UnionSlide5
Lincoln’s Plan
Before his assassination, President Lincoln offered his first plan for Reconstruction
Ten Percent Plan
When 10% of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government and adopt a new constitution that banned slaverySlide6
Lincoln’s Plan (cont’d)
Lincoln wanted to encourage Southerners who supported the Union to take charge of their state govt.
He believed punishing the South would serve no useful purpose
Lincoln offered
amnesty
(a pardon) to all white Southerners who were willing to swear loyalty to the Union, except Confederate leaders.Slide7
The Radicals’ Plan
Some Republicans considered a more radical(
extreme) approach
These
Radical Republicans
, like Thaddeus Stevens, stated:
“[The South] must be broken up and
relaid
, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain.”
Slide8
Radicals’ Plan cont’d
In July 1864, Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill
1st: Majority of the state’s white males had to swear loyalty to the Union
2
nd
: Only males who swore they did not fight against the Union could vote for delegates to a state constitutional convention
3
rd
: Any new state constitution had to ban slavery
Lincoln refused to sign the billSlide9
The Freedmen’s Bureau
In March 1865, Lincoln and Congress set up the
Freedmen’s Bureau
Helped African-Americans
adjust
(adapt) to freedom
Provided food, clothing, and medical services
Helped freed people acquire land or find work for fair wages
Set up schools staffed mainly by teachers from the North
Atlanta University, Howard University, Fisk UniversitySlide10
Johnson’s Plan
Shortly after the Freedmen’s Bureau was founded, on April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth
, at Ford’s Theater
Vice President Andrew Johnson was sworn in as the 17
th
President
From the South but supported the Union
His plan for Reconstruction was called “Restoration”Slide11
Johnson’s Plan cont’d
Grant amnesty to most Southerners once they swore loyalty to the Union
High-ranking Confederates could be pardoned by only appealing to the president
He wanted to
humilate
the leaders who he believed had tricked the South’s people into seceding
The only Southern state not to accept the 15
th
amendment and set up a new govt. was TexasSlide12
Section 1: Assessment
Why did Lincoln disagree with the harsh Reconstruction plan of the Radicals?
Under Johnson’s Restoration plan, how could high ranking or wealthy Confederates gain a pardon?Slide13
Radicals in control
Section 2Slide14
Key Terms
Black CodesOverride
Impeach
Convince
SuspendSlide15
African-Americans’ Rights
May 1866, white mobs in Memphis, TN burned African-American churches, homes and schools
The Memphis incident and similar riots in other Southern cities helped
convince
(persuade), Radical Republicans hat President Johnson’s plan was weakSlide16
Black Codes
By 1866, Southern states had passed black codes
, or laws to control freed men and women
Allowed plantation owners to exploit African Americans
Arrest and fine jobless African Americans
Banned African Americans from owning farmsSlide17
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Granted full citizenship to African Americans
Gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect their rights
Overturned the black codes
Contradicted the 1857 Dred Scott decision
Had ruled that African Americans were not citizensSlide18
Civil Rights Act of 1866
President Johnson vetoed the billStated the federal
govt
overstepped its authority
Declared the act unconstitutional because it was approved by a Congress that did not have reps from all of the states
Republicans had enough votes to
override
(defeat) the vetoSlide19
The Fourteenth Amendment
Fearing that the new act would be overturned in court, Congress passed the 14
th
amendment
Enacted in 1868
Granted full citizenship to all people born in the United States
No state could take away a citizen’s life, liberty, or property “without due process of law”Slide20
14th Amendment cont’d
If a state prevented any man from voting, it could lose representatives in Congress
Barred former Confederate leaders from holding national or state office unless pardoned by Congress
Excluded Native American from citizenship
Southern states had to ratify to be readmitted back into the Union, only Tennessee ratified itSlide21
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
1st
Reconstruction Act passed
Called for the creation of new governments in 10 Southern states that had not ratified the 14
th
amendment
Divided 10 Southern states into 5 military districts
Guaranteed African American men the right to vote in state elections
2
nd
Reconstruction Act
Required military commanders to register voters and prepare for state constitutional conventionsSlide22
Impeaching the President
As commander in chief, Johnson had the power to direct the actions of the military commanders
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, to prohibit the president from removing men from office without approval from the SenateSlide23
Impeaching the President cont’d
Conflict began when Johnson
suspended
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval
Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the House voted to
impeach
(formally charge him)
Senators failed to achieve the 2/3 majority vote for
convicton
Johnson served the until the end of his termSlide24
Election of 1868
By the presidential election of 1868, most Southern states had rejoined the Union
Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant and the Democrats chose Horatio Seymour
Grant received most of the African American votes in the South and won the presidency
Election showed that voters supported the Republican approach to ReconstructionSlide25
The 15th Amendment
1869 amendment passed
Prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizens because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
African Americans wont eh right to vote when it was ratified and became law in 1870Slide26
Section 2 Assessment
What requirement was necessary for African Americans to become citizens under the 14
th
amendment?
Why was President Johnson unable to stop Radical Republicans from putting their Reconstruction plan into action?
How were black codes similar to slavery?Slide27
The south during reconstruction
Section 3Slide28
African Americans in Government
Played an important role in Reconstruction politics
Contributed heavily to Republican victories
16 African Americans served in the House and 2 in the Senate between 1869 and 1880
Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce were both senators from Mississippi
Revels started a school for freed African Americans
Bruce was a former escaped slaveSlide29
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Former Confederates called themselves
scalawags
(scoundrel or worthless rascal)
Northern whites that moved to South after the war and supported the Republicans were called
carpetbaggers
because they arrived with all their belongings in cheap suitcases made of carpet fabric
Many Southerners accused Reconstruction
govts
. of
corruptionSlide30
Resistance to Reconstruction
Most white land owners refused to rent freed men land
Store owners refused the
credit
(extra time to pay for goods)
Secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan, used fear and violence to deny rights to freed men and women
Killed thousands of African Americans and their white friends
Congress tried to pass laws to stop the growing violence but it was to no availSlide31
Education and Farming
Northern missionary societies set up academies
(schools for special training)
Grew into networks of college like Fisk University and Morehouse college
Some states required that schools be
integrated
(include both white and African Americans) but these laws were not enforcedSlide32
Education and Farming cont’d
The most common form of farmwork
for freed people was
sharecropping
A landowner rented a plot of land to a sharecropper, along with a crude shack, some seeds and tools and perhaps a mule
In return the sharecroppers shared a percentage of their crops with landowners
For many, sharecropping was a little better than slaverySlide33
Section 3 Assessment
What kinds of resistance did African Americans face as they tried to exercise their rights as citizens in the South?
How did Reconstruction governments reform education in the South?Slide34
Change in the south
Section 4Slide35
Democrats Regain Power
In 1872 Liberal Republicans helped pass the
Amnesty Act
, which pardoned most former Confederates
Changed the political balance in the South but restoring full rights to people that supported the Democrats
Democrats soon regained control of state governments
In some states the Ku Klux Klan helped Democrats take power by terrorizing Republican voters Slide36
Compromise of 1877
After the much disputed election of President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, both Democrats and Republicans reach a deal
Compromise of 1877
N
ew govt. would give more aid to the South
Withdraw all remaining troops from Southern States
Democrats promised to maintain African American rightsSlide37
Voting RestrictionsSlide38
Voting Restrictions cont’d
Poll Tax
A fee people had to pay to vote
Many African Americans could not afford the tax
Tax also kept many poor whites from voting
Literacy Test
Read and explain difficult parts of state and federal constitutions
Most African Americans had very little education
Grandfather Clauses
Allowed people who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers voted before ReconstructionSlide39
Jim Crow Laws
By the 1890s segregation had become a common feature of the South
Some states passed so-called Jim Crow Laws
Required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public placeSlide40
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld the segregation laws in Plessy
Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to public places equal to those of whites
This “separate but equal” doctrine gave legal support to Southern segregation for more than 50 yearsSlide41
Section 4 Assessment
How did the Amnesty Act help Democrats regain control of Southern state governments?How did forward thinking Southerners want to change the South’s economy?
Why did African American voting in the South decline drastically by the late 1800s?