TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

(Lesson 22)Slide2

ENQUIRY QUESTION 3:

How successful is the

management of tectonic hazards and disasters?Slide3

H/W :TASK 4

Read the information

(Hodder page 90 in this booklet) about two recent tectonic mega disasters : 1) 2010 Eyafjallajokull

Icelandic eruption and

2) 2011

Japanease

Tokoku

Earthquake/ tsunami.

Compare and contrast the economic and human impacts which occurred as a result of each event. ( 8 marks)Tips:Compare – what are the similarities?Contrast – what are the differences?DON’T talk all about one event then the other- compare and contrast facts from each event as you go…Slide4

COMMENTS FROM MARKING HOMEWORK

1. The focus of this response was that both events were

MEGADISASTERS but hardly anyone referred to them as such!2. People who did the best were the ones who

separated human(social) and economic impacts into two separate paragraphs

. ‘The human / economic impacts were….’ They then continued to compare and contrast points about the Icelandic volcano and Japanese tsunami within individual paragraphs .

IT IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO WRITE ALL ABOUT ONE EXAMPLE THEN ALL ABOUT THE OTHER WITH JUST THE WORD ‘WHEREAS’ IN BETWEEN!

3. Both Japan and Iceland are

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES!!!

4. The better answers included

key terms e.g. In Japan the fact that most of the victims were 60 yrs + meant that they were an extremely vulnerable sector of society who were least resilient whereas the relatively isolated location of the Icelandic volcano meant that population density was

low and risk also low.

5. It was good to see some people using comparisons between the

LARGE AREAL EXTENT of both tectonic events. Using key terms will ALWAYS IMPRESS EXAMINERS!6. Be careful not to ‘assume’ knowledge e.g. you needed to say that it was the ash cloud which interfered with the planes engines which then led to flight cancellations etc..Slide5

Last lesson’s objectives

To understand what a hazard hotspot /multiple hazard zone is

To analyse the global distribution of multiple hazards on mapsTo look at the Philippines as an exampleTo compare the Philippines with California , USASlide6

CASE STUDY- PHILIPPINES MULTIPLE HAZARD ZONESlide7

HAND IN/CHECK TASKS- Complete the following…

1.

Read ‘Multiple hazard zones’ section on the Philippines .Answer the following questions in the ‘Over to you’ section :2, 3, 4, 5

2. Read the information on table 3.5 p.34 ‘Comparing the Philippines and California – classic multiple – hazard geography and

make your own summary notes.

3. Read Geo Fact File ‘Hazard Hot spots and the human response’.

Answer as many of the focus questions at the end as you can :

ALL OF YOU should be able to do questions 1, and 2a)

MOST OF YOU should be able to do questions 2b) 2c) and 3a)

SOME OF YOU should be able to do question 3b Slide8

Today’s lesson objectives part 1 :

To know the difference between

predicting and forecasting hazard events What prediction methods are

currently in place?Slide9

Today’s Specification content

1.8

Theoretical frameworks can be used to understand the prediction, impact and management of tectonic hazardsa)

Prediction and forecasting

(‘Players’: role of scientists) accuracy depend on the type and location of the tectonic hazard.Slide10

WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING

Write down as many different ways as you can think of as to how governments and scientists can

PREDICT tectonic hazards.

What is the difference between

PREDICTING

and

FORECASTING

tectonic hazards?Slide11

See booklet p.47-51

Seismic records

Radon gas emissions Ground water

PREDICTING TECTONIC HAZARDS

Remote sensing

Strange animal behaviour

increase in seismic activity..Slide12

The difference between prediction and forecasting?

Predicting

tectonic hazards means trying to accurately work out WHEN AND WHERE earthquakes or volcanoes are likely to happen.

Forecasting

tectonic hazards, however, is based on a

STATISTICAL LIKELIHOOD

of a tectonic event happening at a particular location.Slide13

Can earthquakes be prevented?Slide14

Earthquake Prevention?

This is

almost impossible

as they occur with very little warning

10,000 tremors a year but

only 20-50 cause real damage

There have been

attempts

to lubricate plate movement to prevent sticking and the build up of energy which precipitates a quake e.g. with water and oil but to no avail!Slide15

Can earthquakes be predicted?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38323832

(Recent BBC news item on earth surfacewarping Dec 15th 2016)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38349755

( new phone app to record earthquakes takes off- Dec 17 2016)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFB-qpiKccs

( can earthquakes be predicted?)Slide16

predict

plan

protect

predict

water levels can rise in wells and lakes because of cracks in the rock

foreshocks before the main quake can be detected by a seismometer

animals can act strangely before the earthquake

a tiltmeter can check any movement within the rocks

How can we limit earthquake damage?Slide17

Earthquake Prediction

Currently

NO RELIABLE WAY

to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur, though scientists can indicate where they are

LIKELY TO OCCUR

.

Methods to try to detect an imminent earthquake include:

Seismic records

Radon gas emissions

Ground water Remote sensingGround surveyingStrange animal behaviourSlide18

TASK 1:

Complete information sheets on Earthquake management:

Prediction (p.48-49)Slide19

Task 2: Earthquake risk can be forecast…

Read then make notes from Hodder p.93 in bookletSlide20

Task 3: The current science behind earthquake prediction…

Read then make notes from Hodder p.93 in bookletSlide21

Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat

VOLCANO MANAGEMENTSlide22

Why manage volcanoes?

500 MILL people live in their shadows…

Between 50-70 erupt on land EVERY YEAR…

Many deaths occur as a result of volcanic hazards(

estimated 26,000 deaths between 1980-1990)

Human activities are adversely affected

e.g

crops destroyed, Cattle die from inhaling ash, engines ruined from ash, cars affected….Slide23

Managing volcanoes….Slide24

CAN VOLCANOES BE PREDICTED?Slide25

Mt St Helens, USA Eruption 1980

Before and during (notice the side bulge)

(Since 1980 scientists have correctly predicted 19/22 eruptions..)Slide26

Mt.

St.Helens

May 1980

After the Eruption of May 1980

New lava dome beginning to formSlide27

Close-up view of the

solfatara

at

Ijen

, Indonesia with fumarole temperature of more than 220°C.

WARNING SIGNS…Slide28

WARNING SIGNS!!

(P.52)

1.Increase in minor extrusive activity-

Increase in

thermal activity

leads to a change in

fumarolic

activity- temp of hot springs and geysers become more frequent and vigorous.

There may also be an increase in the amount of

steam

issuing from an existing crater. Sometimes( e.g. with many Hawaiian volcanoes- a lava lake starts to develop inside the crater..)Slide29
Slide30

2.

Increase in volcanic

gases:

e.g

Sulphur dioxide. It was due to this that a 24

hr

warning was given of the pending Mt Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991…

3.Increase in frequency and severity of previous eruptions:

allows evacuation

4. Increase in seismic activitySlide31

VOLCANO PREDICTION METHODSSlide32

Methods of Prediction:

( see diagram p.53-

add notes around it)

1 Remote sensing:

satellites with infra red detectors can monitor heat signals from volcanoes , suggesting that magma is rising towards the surface

( e.g.

Popacatapetal

eruption, Mexico was monitored in this way)

2.Seismicity: Frequently , minor earthquakes can indicate an oncoming volcano. ‘Harmonic tremors’ may occur- i.e. a narrow band of nearly continuous vibrations dominated by a single frequency ( e.g. prior to Mt.St. Helens erupted in USA 1982)3. Geophysical: Levelling surveys are undertaken ( e.g

Mt Vesuvius, Italy)

4. Hydrology:

Water often rises to the surface prior to an eruption5. Gas: Increase in gases prior to an eruption e.g. Sulphur dioxide6. Ground deformation: Tiltmeters

are used to measure ‘bulges’ which may occur as the ground

upswells

prior to an

eruption.e.g

. Mt St Helen’s bulge was naked to the human eyeSlide33

Have we met our lesson objectives?:

To know the

difference between predicting and forecasting hazard events What prediction methods are currently in place?

ON A CARD WRITE DOWN 3 MAIN POINTS THAT YOU HAVE LEARNT FROM TODAY’S LESSON