PPT-Antigens and the Immune Response

Assist Professor Dr Sinan Bahjat MBChB MSc FIBMS Antigens are molecules that react with antibodies whereas immunogens are molecules that induce an immune response. Oral immunity and . immunopathological. processes in the mouth.  Immunity. Microorganisms are in the air we breathe and in/on the food we eat;. Thus our epithelial surfaces are continuously exposed to microorganisms;. Defense from injury & illness. BIOL.10A . Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the . functions of . regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and . defense from injury or illness . Essential Knowledge. 2.d.2 - Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation to different environments (43.3).. 2.d.3 – Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis (43.2-43.4).. By. . Someshwar.K. M.PHARM. II - SEMESTER . . . Department of Pharmaceutics. University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,. KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY. Key attributes of immune system. 4 attributes that characterize the immune system as a whole. specificity. antigen-antibody specificity. diversity. react to millions of antigens. memory. rapid 2° response. Immune reactions against self antigens—autoimmunity—are an important cause of certain diseases in humans, estimated to affect at least 1% to 2% individuals. the mere presence of . autoantibodies. By . Dr. Sunita Mittal. Learning Objectives. To understand about acquired or adaptive immunity. Steps of humoral immune response. Steps of cellular immune response. Cytokines. Unwanted effects of immune system. 1. st. Lecture. Definitions. Immunity. . (. Latin . “. immunitas. ”) is a universal biological phenomenon that develops many programs based on the unique genotype of the body (“self”) in foreign surroundings, from the birth of the body to its death. There are two major types of immunity, . Dr. Refif S. Al-. Shawk. . 2022. . Cancer. is altered self cells that have escaped normal growth regulating mechanisms.. These cells give rise to clones of cells that can expand to a considerable size, producing a tumor, or . Transgenic mice from teratocarcinoma cells. https://. www.nobelprize.org. /prizes/medicine/2007/advanced-information/. genome. the mouse. to manipulate. using E.C. cells. Next:. What are some of the molecules recognized by this immune system?. The Immune System. The immune system is a group of cells & soluble molecules, which interact & distinguish patterns in the body as “self” or “non-self,” in order to eliminate those that are “non-self.”. Immunological unresponsiveness to self is referred to as . tolerance. or . self-tolerance. Very important to human health. How is this achieved?. -cells with receptors for self-antigens are destroyed in the thymus or bone marrow (central tolerance). 17. Immunization. Two Artificial Methods of Immunity. Active immunization. Administration of antigens so that patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response. Passive immunization . Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal. An . antigen. is anything that elicits an adaptive immune response. These are molecules that trigger a specific immune response, eg., components of bacterial cell wall, capsule, pili, flagella, external and internal proteins of viruses, fungi and protozoa, toxins, nonself foreign substances like proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, some glycoproteins.