UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF GENETIC DISORDERS httpwwwraogkorgdna PREVIOUSLY Nucleotides DNA and Genes httpigbiologyyblogspotcom httpknowgeneticsorg PREVIOUSLY Nucleotides DNA and Genes ID: 921142
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Slide1
GENES, MUTATIONS & DISEASES:
UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF GENETIC DISORDERS
http://www.raogk.org/dna/
Slide2PREVIOUSLY…
Nucleotides, DNA, and Genes
http://igbiologyy.blogspot.com/
http://knowgenetics.org/
Slide3PREVIOUSLY…
Nucleotides, DNA, and Genes
Water DNA Ladder Protein Strawberry DNA
Slide4LESSON #2
Slide5How is this information accessed?
How does this information determine how the cell functions?
Genes store the information that defines how
A cell behaves
A cell functions
Genes encode the information on how to make a protein.
Proteins are the “workforce” of a cell.
http://imgarcade.com/
Slide6DNA
mRNA protein
transcription
translation
Slide7TRANSCRIPTION is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as the template.
ribon
ucleic
a
cid
(RNA)
http://www.expertsmind.com/
Similar to DNA, RNA is made of
nucleotides.
d
eoxyribo
n
ucleic
a
cid
(DNA)
Slide8bases in DNA:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)bases in RNA
: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
uracil (U)
base-pairing
during transcription
A
T
C
G
U
A
G
C
DNA
RNA
T
G
A
nucleotide
sugar
phosphate
base
Slide9ACTIVITY #1
Transcription
Take back your DNA molecule.
Starting with the
sequence
T-G-A
on your DNA molecule, transcribe your DNA.
Slide10Transcription is the first step of
protein synthesis
.
The type of RNA that results from this step is
messenger RNA (mRNA)
. After RNA is made, it leaves the nucleus.
In the cytoplasm,
ribosomes
“read and translate” the message in mRNA to make the protein.
Slide11TRANSLATION is the synthesis of a protein using the information (message, code) in mRNA.
PROTEINS
(active cell machinery)
Slide12Amino acids
corresponding to the codons are added to the growing protein chain.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/
Slide13The genetic code
is a set of “rules” by which the information in mRNA is translated into proteins.
A
codon
is made of three nucleotide bases (
triplet
) and it may translate into:
a
n amino acid,
a
“start” signal (which is always the amino acid Met),
or
a
“stop” signal (no amino acid)
http://www.geek.com/
Slide14http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/
Slide15ACTIVITY #2
Translation
Translate your RNA molecule!
Slide16What would happen if this nucleotide (C) changes?
http://www.cstephenmurray.com/
Slide17-Ala-Asp-
Leu
-Ala
A
mutation
is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
Mutations occur at the DNA level, and then carried over to the mRNA during transcription.
substitution
A
Leu
Ala
Glu
mutation
insertion
A
Leu
changes the grouping of triplets
deletion
Leu
changes the grouping of triplets
Slide18SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA IS A
GENETIC DISEASE
SICKLE-CELL
NORMAL CELL
MUTATION
SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA ARISES FROM A MUTATION IN
HEMOGLOBIN
https://en.wikipedia.org
Slide19Hemoglobin
is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
http://
www.nytimes.com
Slide20sickle
normal
normal
cell showing the concave shape
Slide21ACTIVITY #3
Mutation and Sickle Cells