Founding of Rome 753 B.C.E - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Founding of Rome

753 B.C.E

Romulus and Remus

Twin brothers who founded Rome.

Legend of Birth of Rome

Slide2

Livy (historian) wrote about the site of the city in his work The Early History of Rome

“Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city - the healthy hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy - all these advantages make if of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”

Slide3

Early Rome - Latins

Romans belonged to a group of people called

Latins

.

Speak Latin- Romance languages

Not sure where they’re from

Farmers and shepherdsRome is located in the central valley area called Latium.

Slide4

Early Rome - Etruscans

Rome was dominated for centuries by their northern neighbors the

Etruscans

. (616-509 B.C.E.)

Rome gained much of their traditions and culture from the Etruscans: City walls, sewer, arch, writing and alphabet, sculpture & painting, gladiator games and chariot races

Slide5

Early Rome - Greeks

Greece

would also influence Rome. (hellenization)

Religion - Greek Gods became Roman Gods

Taught Romans how to grow grapes and olives

Slide6

Early Republic600 BCE - Etruscan kings

Rome grew - construction of first temples and public buildings

Drained swampy valley below Palatine Hills - became the Forum

Tarquin the Proud - 509 BCE

Created a new government -

res republica

(public affairs)Republic - form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders.

Slide7

Rome (Social Classes)

Patricians

-

Roman Aristocracy

(wealthy families), elected among themselves, controlled politics, economics, religion, and military. Used patronage system.

All other free citizens were called Plebeians- The lower class. Few rights, no legal say. Fought in the militaryYou were born into your social class.

Slide8

Slide9

Rome (Family Life)

Patriarchal Society

Father (

pater familia

s

) was head of the household and held responsibility for everything that happened within the family.

Expected to exercise this power with moderation and act responsibly on behalf of his family. Social pressure to live up to expectations, moral guidelines.A woman’s place was in the home to teach the children values.

Slide10

What made Rome strong?

Traditional Roman Values:“

mos maiorum

”

-

Unwritten social code.Disciplina- Strictness in education, discipline, training & self-control.Gravitas- Self-sacrificePietas- Devotion to god(s), family and republicFides- Trust

Constantia- Steadiness, perseverance

Virtus

-

Know what is good, evil, useless, shameful, or dishonorable (true Roman male)

End Result:

Dignitas-

An honorable reputation among your peers. RESPECT!

Affected private, political and military life in Rome.

Slide11

The Republic

Rome breaks free of Etruscan monarchs and declare themselves a

Republic

in

509 B.C

.

Patricians are the ones who establish the Republic. Plebeians are originally excluded.

Slide12

The Republic

A Republic-

Individuals are elected to represent the citizen body.

Consuls

Executive branch- Commander in

chief Veto- power to check each otherDictator- Can take over in an emergency

Senate

Legislative branch

Assemblies

Legislative branch

Praetors-

J

udicial branch

Separation of powers- Ch

ecks and Balances

Slide13

Compare the Republic of Rome & the U.S. Republic

Work alone or with a partner (much easier with a partner)

Use the Checks and Balances Diagrams to fill out the chart.

Complete:

Executive

Legislative

JudicialWe’ll do Citizenship & Legal Codes together as a class.

Slide14

Who voted?

At first only Patricians could vote, then Plebeians refused to help defend Rome (494 B.C.E) until given political rights.

Still, only male citizens of Rome could vote. Sorry women, and slaves.

Plebeians formed the Assembly of Tribes and elected Tribunes to guarantee their rights wouldn’t be taken away.

Also forced the patricians to write the laws down...

Twelve Tables

are the establishment of written law for Romans. A Roman constitution, similar to the U.S. Constitution. Displayed in the Roman Forum on 12 bronze tablets.

Slide15

Comparisons between 12 Tables and U.S. Bill of Rights- Similarities

Twelve Tables

Innocent until proven guilty

Right to face accusers & defend self

Judges must make fair decisions

People have rights no government can take away

U.S. Bill of Rights

5

th

Amt: Rights of the Accused

6

th

Amt: Right to face witnesses against you

5

th

& 6

th

Amts: procedures for fair trial

9

th

Amt: People have other protected rights

Slide16

Differences

Americans have freedom of speech and religion,

but

Romans do not have those rights.

Americans cannot be forced to house soldiers.

By contrast,

Romans had to allow soldiers in their homes if ordered to do so.Americans are protected from unreasonable searches and seizures, whereas Romans could have their land taken away if the emperor wanted to build a temple in his honor.

Slide17

Roman Army

In 391 B.C. Rome is sacked by invading peoples from the north (Celtic people)

they call

Gauls

.

This disaster led to reforms in the military that would help Rome to overcome all other enemies hereafter

Slide18

Roman Army

Adapt the phalanx into the

Testudo formation

Army organized into groups of 5000 to 6000 men called

Legions

.

Within each Legion men were assigned to groups of 100 (centuries) led by a centurion.Each individual soldier is called a

Legionnaire.

Slide19

Roman Army

The Citizen soldier

- Every Roman male was required to make or purchase his own weapons and armor.

- It was expected of every male citizen to answer the call to arms when the country goes to war.

Slide20

What were the Romans so good at?The Romans were masters at

learning from their mistakes and adapting to new situations and environments. This was probably the major tool that helped them conquer everyone around them.

mountain warfare from the Samnites,

short swords from the Iberians,

phalanx from the Greeks,

government ideas from the Greeks,

Navy from the CarthaginiansEnders Game

Slide21

1st

Punic War

Carthage and Rome come into conflict over the Greek city of Massena on the island of Sicily.

Rome’s powerful army versus the Carthaginian Navy.

Slide22

1st

Punic War

War lasts 23 years. But Rome wins most of the battles.

Rome builds a fleet and defeats the Carthaginians in their own element.

Carthage surrenders and agrees to pay indemnities.

Slide23

1st

Punic War

Outcomes of the 1

st

Punic War

Rome begins it’s overseas empire by taking Sicily and Sardinia from Carthage.

Rome is now considered a major Mediterranean power.Rome now has a well trained and large navy.

Slide24

2nd

Punic War

Carthage strikes back against the Roman Republic in 221 B.C. led by a general named

Hannibal

.

Slide25

2nd

Punic War

Hannibal creates a power base for Carthage in Spain

He leads an army from Spain, across the Alps Mountains , into Italy.

Slide26

2nd

Punic War

Although outnumbered Hannibal gains major victories over the Roman armies in Italy.

Battle of Ticinus

Battle of Lake Trasimine

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal reached the walls of Rome at one point just to retreat because his army got sick.

“Hannibal knew how to gain a victory, but not what to do with it.”

Slide27

End of the 2

nd Punic War

Battle of Zama

Scipio and Hannibal face off against each other at a place not too far from Carthage called Zama.

Scipio defeats the seemingly unbeatable Hannibal.

Slide28

After Zama, Hannibal is forced into hiding.

Carthage has to give up all of its overseas possessions to Rome.

Slide29

3rd

Punic War

In 146 B.C. Rome goes to war once again with Carthage

when they try to break off terms.

This time no peace treaty. The city of Carthage is completely destroyed and salted.

Slide30

Christianity and Rome

During the time of the emperors Augustus and his son Tiberius (1 – 33 A.D.) a new religion appears within the Empire called

Christianity

.

Christianity begins with a man named Jesus Christ who lived and ministered in the province of Judea (present day Israel and Palestine).

Rome has dominance over much of the known world, including these areas.

Within a few hundred years this religion came to dominate the Mediterranean World. Why significant?

Slide31

Christianity and Rome

Constantine

(

306-33

7 C.E.) unites the Empire temporarily,

makes Christianity the official religion of the empire.Constantine also moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renames the city Constantinople.

Slide32

Problems in the Republic

Social and Economic Problems of Rome around the year 140 B.C.

Senators and other plantation owners buy farms from poor farmers

Plantation owners use slaves instead of hired workers to farm their lands.

Many farmers are called to serve in the army and are not able to upkeep their farms.

Returning Soldiers, landless poor farmers, and unemployed workers all move to Rome and become part of an ever growing group of urban poor.

Slide33

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Two patrician brothers,

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

try to fix the problem of all the landless poor in the city.

They propose

land reforms

to give land back to the people from territories recently conquered in wars with Carthage, Greece, and Spain.These reforms are very unpopular with the Senate, mainly because the Senate is mostly rich landowners.

Slide34

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Although loved by the people, the Gracchus brothers were hated by many Senators.

Both Tiberius and Gaius are

murdered for the social reforms they

attempted

.

Slide35

Marius Reform

Gaius Marius

comes up with an alternate solution for Rome’s social problems.

He

removes the law that says you have to own land to be part of the army

.

As a result, tens of thousands of landless poor join the army.Short term effect: social tensions end. Economy thrives.

Long term effect: The Roman Army is no longer based off of loyalty to the Republic. Only to the commanding general.

Slide36

Social War

Soon after the Marius Reforms the subjugated peoples of Italy decide to rebel against Rome.

They didn’t rebel because they wanted to break off from Rome, they

rebelled because they wanted to be considered full citizens of Rome.

After years of fighting the Italians get what they want, full citizenship.

Slide37

Sulla

Sulla, a patrician general,

helps end the bloody social war

only to start a civil war against Marius.

After winning the civil war he

proclaims himself dictator.

He basically gets rid of anyone who disagrees with him.Once he felt Rome was ok again he voluntarily retired.

Slide38

Bread & Circuses

A political strategy to keep the population occupied in order to distract them from what’s really going on. (a form of manipulation)

Distribution of food

Public Baths

Chariot Races & Gladiators

Why be informed when you can

simply be entertained?

Slide39

Chariot Races

Circus MaximusSeats 300,000

4 Horse Chariots, sometimes 2

4-12 teams, 3-4 miles

Dangerous

4 Factions (red,

white, blue, green)

Slide40

Gladiators

Mostly POW’s, criminals, slaves or volunteers.Gain freedom after 3-5 years of fighting

Fought 2-3 times a year

6 different types

Non-Fatal=Index finger

Fatal Fights=Thumb

Gladiatorial Schools

Slide41

Rome: Republic to Empire

1

st

Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Conquered Gaul

PompeyConquered Syria and PalestineCrassus

Defeated Spartacus slave rebellion

Slide42

Roman Empire

Octavian becomes Imperator of Rome (Dictator for Life) and is renamed

Augustus

Rome is now an Empire not a Republic (Although the Senate is still around).

Pax Romana

(The Roman Peace) lasts almost 200 years

Slide43

Pax Romana and the 5 Good Emperors

Time of

Relative

Peace

Rome is first ruled by 2 dynasties

Julio-Cluadians

FlaviansBoth are beset with intrigue, rebellions, assassinations, and madness.

The years (96 – 180 A.D.) saw the reign of what is now called the 5 good emperors

Nerva

Trajan

Hadrian

Antoninus Pious

Marcus Aurelius

Slide44

Two Empires

Empire splits into two halves by Emperor

Diocletian

in the year 284 A.D. It permanently splits under

Theodosius

in 390 A.D.

Western Roman Empire (Rome)Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople)

Slide45

Reasons for Decline of Rome

Decline in

traditional morals & values

No more loyalty to countr

y.

Become overwhelmingly greedy. Lose sense of responsibility and duty. Feel entitled to an un-sustainable standard of living.Lead pipes, disease, overcrowding leads to poor public health among Romans.

Politically corrupt officials and emperors

causes social unrest and economic crisis

Lack of military expansion

due to civil wars, disloyal soldiers and pacifism (Christianity) meant no longer able to adopt foreign technology or maintain their currency

Economic Collapse

due to taxes, inflation, high unemployment, entitlement programs

All left Rome open to outside invaders

Slide46

Are values important for a society to succeed?

Traditional Roman Values

Discipline

Self-sacrifice

Devotion to family and republic

High morals

Slide47

Fall of Rome

Barbarian Invasions

Huns

(Attila the Hun)

Visigoths

These guys are ancestors of the Vikings

Settle HispaniaVandals

East Germanic TribeOstrogoths

Put an official end to the Empire

Slide48

After the Invasion

Only the

Western side

of the Roman Empire fell to the German invaders

The

Eastern side

continued on for another 1,000 years as the Byzantine EmpireConstantinople became the cultural center- preserving and spreading the accomplishments of both Greece & Rome throughout the world