UNIT 8A: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION: MOTIVATION - PowerPoint Presentation

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UNIT 8A: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION: MOTIVATION

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Motivation

&

Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human

Drives

Theories

of

Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive

Appraisal

Schachter two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

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UNIT OVERVIEW

Motivational Concepts

Hunger

Sexual Motivation

The Need to Belong

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INTRODUCTION

Motivation

Theories

Instinct

Drive-reductionArousal

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needsIncentive

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MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS

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Motivation

&

Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human

Drives

Theories

of

Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive

Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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INSTINCTS AND EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

Instinct

(fixed pattern)

Instincts in animals

Instincts in humans

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Drive-Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Hierarchy of Motives

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Motivation

&

Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human

Drives

Theories

of

Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive

Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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BIOLOGICAL DRIVES (Primary Drives)

Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals

Motivate behavior necessary for survival

Hypothalamus

HungerThirstSexEvolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and

reproducing).

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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).

Tension

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DRIVES AND INCENTIVES

Tension

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DRIVES AND INCENTIVES

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DRIVE REDUCTION

Food

Drive

Reduction

Organism

The physiological aim of drive reduction is

homeostasis

, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Stomach Full

Empty Stomach

(Food Deprived)

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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

Strengths

Does a nice job explaining most primary drives

Weaknesses

Falls apart with more complex behaviors/secondary drives

Sex and Secondary Drives.

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DRIVES AND INCENTIVES

Drive-reduction theory

Homeostasis

Need

Drive

Drive reduction

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DRIVES AND INCENCTIVES

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DRIVES AND INCENTIVES

Incentive

Positive and negative

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Motivation

&

Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human

Drives

Theories

of

Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive

Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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Humans seek optimum levels of arousal.

Sometimes we want lots of arousal

Sometimes we want very low arousal

Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less.

OPTIMUM AROUSAL

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AROUSAL THEORY

People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment

I want a high level or arousal – let’s do something epic tonight.

I want a low level of arousal – let’s stay in tonight.

I am bored with my life I need a new job.I am stressed at work, let’s take a vacation.

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YERKES-DODSON LAW

States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task

The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

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Motivation

&

Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human

Drives

Theories

of

Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive

Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.

(1908-1970)

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

Maslow’s

hierarchy of needs

Variations in the hierarchy

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

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HUNGER

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Motivation & Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human Drives

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HUNGER

Contractions of the stomach

Washburn study

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STOMACHS REMOVED

Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

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GLUCOSE: C6H

12

O

6

The glucose level in blood is maintained by your pancreas. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood, when the level gets too low, we feel hungry.

Glucose Molecule

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GLUCOSE & THE BRAIN

Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

Rat Hypothalamus

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HYPOTHALAMIC CENTERS

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (when stimulated lab animals ate

!)

Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating.

The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin

in the LH, which leads one to eat

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HYPOTHALAMIC CENTERS

The

ventromedial

hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (satiety)

Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively.

Richard Howard

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LEPTIN

Fat cells in our body produce

leptin

Hypothalamus monitors these levels

High levels of leptin signal the brain to reduce appetite or increase the rate at which fat is burned. Leptin deficiency can cause obesity

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THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HUNGER:

BODY CHEMISTRY AND THE BRAIN

Appetite hormones

Ghrelin

– hunger arousing

Obestatin – suppresses hungerPYY – suppress appetite

Leptin – diminishes rewardSet point

Basal metabolic rate

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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER

Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses (increased insulin production)

Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rodin et al., 1998).

Emotional attachment?

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Motivation & Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human Drives

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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ECOLOGY OF EATING

Social facilitation

Familial/social expectations

Portion size

unit bias

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THE PSYCHOLGY OF HUNGER:

TASTE PREFERENCES: BIOLOGY AND CULTURE

Taste preferences

Genetic: sweet and salty

Neophobia – fear/dislike of unfamiliarAdaptive taste preferences (spicy)

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HOT CULTURES LIKE HOT SPICES

Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

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THE PSYCHOLGY OF HUNGER:

EATING DISORDERS

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Binge-eating disorder

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THE PSYCHOLGY OF HUNGER: CAUSES OF EATING DISORDERS

Sexual abuse – NOT a telltale sign

Family history

Competitive, highly-driven, protective families

GeneticsCulture/genderUnrealistic ideal body imagePrevention – body acceptance and realization of unrealistic

Photoshoppinghttp://www.rehabs.com/explore/womens-body-image-and-bmi/

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LEVELS

OF ANALYSIS FOR OUR HUNGER MOTIVATION

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL

Historical explanations for obesity

Obesity

Definition

StatisticsObesity and life expectancy

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OBESITY

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OBESITY

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OBESITY

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:

THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF OBESITY

Social effects of obesity

Weight discrimination

Psychological effects of obesity

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WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION

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WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY

Fat Cells

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY

Set point and metabolism

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MESSING WITH THE SET POINT

Studies show that a person’s weight at the set point is optimal for efficient activity and a stable, optimistic mood.

When the set point is driven too low, depression and lethargy may set in as a way of slowing the person down and reducing the number of calories expended.

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY

The genetic factor

The food and activity factor

Sleep lossSocial influence

Food consumption and activity level

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OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:

LOSING WEIGHT

Realistic and moderate goals

Success stories

Attitudinal changes

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SEXUAL MOTIVATION

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Motivation & Emotion

Stress

Sources

Measures

Theories

Effects

Coping

Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Intrinsic/

Extrinsic Motivation

Human Drives

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange

Cognitive Appraisal

Schachter

two-factor

Cannon-Bard

Opponent Process

Explain complex motives

(eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

We are here

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THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SEX:

THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

Sexual response cycle

Masters & Johnson (1960s)

Excitement phasePlateau phase

OrgasmResolution phaseRefractory period

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THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SEX:

HORMONES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Effects of hormones

Development of sexual characteristics

Activate sexual behaviorEstrogen

Testosterone

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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX

External stimuli

Imagined stimuli

Dreams

Sexual fantasies

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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL MOTIVATION

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ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY:

TEEN PREGNANCY

Ignorance

Minimal communication about birth control

Guilt related to sexual activityAlcohol useMass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

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ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY:

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Statistics of STIs

Teen abstinence

High intelligenceReligious engagementFather presence

Participation in service learning programs

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Sexual orientation

Homosexual orientation

Heterosexual orientation

Sexual orientation statistics

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION:

ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Origins of sexual orientation studies

Fraternal birth order effect

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION: SCIENCE AND POLITICS

The “Kinsey Report”

Myths and Facts

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION: ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Same-sex attraction in animals

The brain and sexual orientation

Genes and sexual orientation

Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

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THE NEED TO BELONG

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THE NEED TO BELONG

Aiding survival

Wanting to belong

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THE NEED TO BELONG

Sustaining relationships

The pain of ostracism

ostracism